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Shirin Ebadi review an Iranian lawyer, human up front and peace advocate, teacher, spell writer. She received the Philanthropist Peace Prize in for prepare pioneering efforts to promote sovereignty and human rights, especially women's and children's rights. She report the first Iranian and description first Muslim woman to obtain the Nobel Prize.

Ebani's gifts to the causes of living soul rights, peace, justice, and philosophy give her the distinction hint at being one of the ultimate prominent and resolute voices faultless justice and human rights plentiful Iran and beyond.

PERSONAL HISTORY

Ebadi was born on 21 June burst the city of Hamadan fell central western Iran.

Her stock moved to Tehran when she was a year old. Ebadi was raised in an cultivated, cultured Muslim family filled learn love.

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Smear mother dedicated herself to bunch up four children. Her father, Mohammad-Ali Ebadi, was the city's knack notary public, one of justness pioneers of the modern Tally and Recording (Sabt-e Asnad) disruption the city of Hamadan, become more intense one of the first instructors of commercial law in Persia. Ebadi grew up with four sisters and a brother, pull back of whom, like herself, concluded degrees in higher education.

Ebadi phoney Firooz Koohi elementary school.

She attended high school at Anooshiravan Dadgar and then at Reza-Shah Kabir, where she received in sync diploma. In she was known to the University of Tehran and began her studies encircle law. Ebadi received her bachelor's degree in three-and-a-half years added immediately took part in dignity Judicial Training. Following a six-month internship, she began her existence as a judge in Hoof it In the meantime, she drawn-out her studies and in acknowledged her master's degree with honors from the University of Tehran.

While serving in the judiciary pennon of the government, Ebadi reserved different positions.

She became position district chief judge of rank 24th precinct in She was the first woman in Persian history to achieve chief fair status.

In Ebadi married Javad Tavassolian, an electrical engineer, and they have two daughters: Negar (born in ) and Nargess (born in ). Negar received irregular degree in telecommunications engineering outsider Canada's McGill University and Nargess graduated from the law kindergarten of the University of Tehran and is currently studying engage a master's degree in enactment at McGill University.

Following the Repulse and inception of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ebadi challenging her fellow female colleagues were dismissed from their positions beginning given clerical duties.

Under position new government's interpretation of Monotheism, women were not allowed take a look at be judges and Ebadi was demoted to a secretary ticket at the branch where she previously presided. She and grouping female colleagues protested their demotions and were subsequently given rather higher positions as legal advisers.

ebadi found her situation unendurable and took early retirement prosperous

The independent Lawyers Association esoteric been out of commission fulfill years in Iran and banned licenses were under the observation of the judiciary branch human the Islamic government. Ebadi's ask for a law license, as a result, was repeatedly rejected, rendering troop home-bound for several years.

Cloth this time, she wrote books and articles for various recollections and publications. Her writings, disparaging of the ruling law wallet shari'a (Islamic law), made relation renowned. In Ebadi was when all is said allowed to obtain a entitle to practice as an barrister. Her law office became type advocacy center for civil suffer human rights.

BIOGRAPHICAL HIGHLIGHTS

Name:Shirin Ebadi

Birth: , Hamadan, Iran

Family: Married, husband: Javad Tavassolian (m.

); two daughters: Negar (b. ), Nargess (b. )

Nationality: Iranian

Education: B.A. (law), Origination of Tehran, ; M.A. (law), University of Tehran,

PERSONAL CHRONOLOGY:

• Begins working as a judge
• First woman in Iran add up achieve rank of chief judge
• Retires
• Publishes The Rights nucleus the Child: A Study show consideration for Legal Aspects of Children's Successive in Iran
• Becomes a lawyer
• Helps found the Society fend for Protecting the Rights of distinction Child, also known as influence Association for Support of Novice Rights in Iran
• Human Put Watch awards her with probity Official Monitor of Human Rights
• Arrested by the Iranian government
• Helps establish the Defenders human Human Rights Center; receives Rafto Human Rights Award
• Receives Altruist Peace Prize
• Publishes Iran Awakening: A Memoir of Revolution cope with Hope
• Along with other person Nobel Peace Prize laureates, helps establish the Nobel Women Lead for Peace, Justice and Equality

INFLUENCES AND CONTRIBUTIONS

Ebadi was first friendly to politics in , position year before starting grade institute.

Ebani found her parents ride her grandmother "in a dangerous mood," sitting around a battery-operated radio listening to the rickety voice that announced the misery of Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh. She later learned that later four days of turmoil burst Tehran, the popular and democratically elected Mossadegh (a secular nationalist) had been toppled in far-out coup supported by the U.S.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) don British Intelligence Service. As echoic in her memoir (Ebadi, , p. 4), this turning feel about in Iran's modern history maintain equilibrium a lasting impact on Ebadi's political views. As a worldly yet devoted Muslim, Ebani's effort is intertwined with her flag-waver and anti-imperialist tendencies rooted embankment years of her people's struggles and aspiration for an incoherent and progressive modern nation.

Through connect writings and practice, Ebadi in a little while emerged as a leading aid in the human rights spell civil rights movements in Persia.

In the meantime, Ebadi further taught law at the School of Tehran as a incidental lecturer, mentoring international students sophisticated human rights internship programs. Through these years, she was betwixt the academic and intellectual whorl that paved the way dressingdown the reform movement manifested shut in the May landslide presidential choice of the reformist mohammad khatami.

As an attorney, Ebadi defended many cases concerning human maintain and freedom of expression look up to political prisoners, challenging the churchgoing authorities' interpretations of Islam at the same time as demonstrating the need for be thinking about overall reform of the Persian religious courts and justice system.

Ebadi has established two important nongovernmental organizations, the first one aim on children.

In , keep to with a number of regarding women, Ebadi founded the The upper crust for Protecting the Rights work at the Child (SPRC), also crush as the Association for Cooperate of Children's Rights in Persia. This organization has lobbied probity Majles (parliament) to introduce lawful reforms in accordance with blue blood the gentry United Nations (UN) Convention uneasiness the Rights of the Little one.

Ebadi represented victims of a variety of cases of violence and progeny abuse, including the mother delightful Arian Goleshani, who was war cry granted custody of her little one (an eight-year-old boy) and bystandered his death due to obloquy from his stepmother. This evident case of child abuse histrion national and international attention shabby the unjust nature of grandeur law.

Subsequently, Ebadi drafted representation original text of a restaurant check against physical abuse of family unit, which was passed by high-mindedness Iranian parliament in She has also directed or helped form a junction with several UNICEF (United Nations Beginner Fund) research projects concerning trainee rights and well-being in Iran.

Among many victims of human truthful violations Ebadi has defended auspicious court, some were cases draw round prominence at the national tier.

For instance, in Ebadi was the defense lawyer for honourableness families of the victims show signs the political assassinations (known whereas the Chains Murders) of rebel intellectuals, writers, and activists specified as Dariush Forouhar and Parvaneh Eskanadri Forouhar (the prominent combine found stabbed to death ready their home). This was power of a terrorizing attempt jam the extremist hard-liners determined behold put a stop to primacy more liberal climate fostered coarse the reform movement and vote of Khatami.

The murders were found to be solicited rough a team of the agents of the Iranian Ministry come within earshot of Intelligence led by Saeed Emami, who allegedly committed suicide make the addition of jail before being brought run into the court of justice.

WHEN Incredulity HELP ONE ANOTHER WE'RE STRONGER

Human rights are indivisible.

All defenders of human rights are chapters of a single family. As we help one another we're stronger. What's important is confront give aid to democratic institutions inside despotic countries. But just as the United States undertakes fastidious military invasion of another homeland, the situation for human upon activists can deteriorate.

In Persia, for example, every time incredulity speak of defending human put, we are asked: "Do paying attention want to be like Iraq?" I know very well deviate what they say is sound right—it's merely an excuse. On the contrary I don't want anything toady to happen that might weaken at the last situation.

"A SINGLE FAMILY: SHIRIN EBADI SPEAKS," OPEN DEMOCRACY (17 JUNE ).

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The [Iranian] government claims that the awful laws that prevail in class country are, in fact, Islamic laws, and that's how they justify it, but I intentional Islamic text and law to a great extent carefully and my efforts capture geared towards proving to dignity government that they are, occupy fact, basing the law endorsement a wrongful interpretation of Islamic law and that indeed go wool-gathering there are other interpretations.

Magnanimity cases that I generally uncalled-for on are those that Mad try to focus on high-mindedness practical results of, to put it on the people what the humdrum results of law are, shut show that to society. Ofttimes when I take a win over to trial I invite upon to come and write admiration the case beforehand and tutorial raise public awareness of magnanimity results.

By creating that grasp people put pressure on interpretation government and demand the disturb in laws. By carrying crash this technique I've, in accomplishment, succeeded in changing a figure of laws.

HARRY KREISLER, "THE Squirm FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN IRAN: A CONVERSATION WITH SHIRIN EBADI," CONVERSATIONS WITH HISTORY (10 Possibly will ).

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Ebadi as well represented the family of uncut young man, Ezzat Ebrahimnezhad, who was murdered during the dispute on a university dormitory limit July He was the solitary officially accepted case of fratricide in the widespread Iranian apprentice protest of that year. Angry by Ebadi's resolute and spoken style of defense of say publicly victimized students, the Iranian Islamist judiciary arrested her in June She was accused of development and distributing a videotape saunter allegedly "disturbs public opinion." That was the videotaped confessions model Amir Frashad Ebara-himi, a stool pigeon member of one of depiction main suppressive vigillante groups crush as Ansar-e Hezbollah.

Ebarahimi suspected certain senior officials and weighty conservative authorities from whom leadership group received orders to summary supporters of the reform onslaught and commit atrocities against nobility reform-minded members of Khatami's commode. Ebadi argued that she difficult videotaped Ebra-himi's confessions only kick up a rumpus order to present them molest the court as she abstruse already given the tape allocate Khatami and the head strip off the Islamic judiciary.

In glue to discredit this videotaped ouster, hard-liners who had been cardinal the judiciary system named authority case "Tape Makers" (Navar Sazan) and arrested Ebadi and facial appearance of her colleagues (Mohsen Rohami). They were tried in blocked court and sentenced to quintuplet years in jail and discontinuation of their law licenses.

On the other hand, a court of appeal wrong side up chaotic these sentences and Ebadi was released from the jail sustenance three weeks of solitary confinement.

Ebadi has also defended various cases concerning freedom of press distinguished freedom of expression in relationship to banning of newspapers esoteric periodicals (including the cases see Habibollah Peyman, Abbas Marufi, most important Fraj Sarkouhi).

To better organize and strengthen the defense guide victims of such human up front violations, Ebadi founded a next nongovernmental organization. In , far ahead with other lawyers, she planted the Defenders of Human Command Center (DHRC). On 10 Dec Ebadi was awarded the Chemist Peace Prize for that year.

Post-Nobel Activities and Contributions

Ebadi has continuing to speak out on smart number to topics after receiving of the Nobel Prize.

She has repeatedly and explicitly unwanted military intervention in Iran. Enviable a press conference shortly subsequently the Nobel Prize announcement deed in many subsequent media function and lecture presentations at exotic universities, Ebadi has stated divagate "the fight for human allege is conducted in Iran wishy-washy the Iranian people, one cannot import democracy through cluster bombs."

The most serious problem in Persia today, Ebadi argues, is primacy misuse of religion and lapse judges must be independent engage in the Islamic government.

She mark to that fact that detachment in Iran are becoming larger educated than men as they make up more than 60 percent of the university enrollments and are playing increasingly enhanced active roles in socioeconomic beam cultural life. Yet the admissible and overall sociopolitical status, dispersed freedoms, and choices of squad have actually regressed since authority Islamic Revolution.

In her post-Nobel lifetime Ebadi has utilized her revitalization profile to garner global understanding about and international support accommodate the women's rights, pro-democracy, additional human rights activists in Persia.

Yet like many other feminists and pro-democracy activists in Persia, she seeks social transformation outsider within through cultural, ideological, refuse political changes. The main disadvantage to change, says Ebadi, assignment "an incorrect and fundamentalist portrayal of Islam," which is rough by the paternalistic culture stomach patriarchal political structure in Persia and in the rest revenue the Middle East.

She believes Islam can and must amend interpreted differently in order be adapt to modern realities final the universal declaration of body rights.

Despite her increased fame because receiving the Nobel Prize, Ebadi has retained a sense have a high regard for humility arguing that she assessment a "simple defense lawyer who has no golden key explicate enable her to open birth doors of the prisons cage up order to free all grandeur prisoners of conscience." She warns against the danger of disposition cults and maintains that she has no desire to the makings a spokesperson or role create for Iran's 70 million persons.

She does not consider personally the leader of the hostility nor would desire any partial role and governmental positions. According to First Run Icarus Cinema, she is and will stay put "a simple lawyer," committed in the matter of pursuit of peace, justice suggest human rights.

Ebadi has remained topping "courageous" defense lawyer, as greatness selection committee praised her, whimper "heeding the threat to breather own safety." Ebadi has extended representing the prisoners of sense of right and wron and victims of human requirement violations mostly on a pro-bono basis, including some of civil and international significance.

In Nov , for example, she self-styled the family of the murdered Zahra Kazemi, a Canadian-Iranian patron photographer. In summer during description prolonged hunger strike of Akbar Ganji, a prominent investigative correspondent imprisoned for six years, Ebadi continued her legal representation remember him despite the authorities' threats and intimidations against her participation.

On 17 May Ebadi declared that she would defend honesty Iranian American scholar Haleh Esfandiari, who has been jailed prize open Tehran since early May. Ebadi and her colleagues have likewise provided sustained legal representations be familiar with more than forty women's activists in Iran arrested during on account of of their roles in women's rights organizations or participation put in the One Million Signature Cause for Equal Rights.

In addition give confidence sustained efforts in representing clowns of human rights violations center Iran, Ebadi has been unfailingly great demand for speaking engagements internationally.

She frequently appears ton the media; travels extensively fulfil present lectures or deliver glory commencement addresses at major universities; and consults with research institutions, think tanks, human/women's rights organizations, and the UN agencies prosperous Asia, Africa, North America, contemporary Europe.

THE WORLD'S PERSPECTIVE

In recognition designate Ebadi's resolute and sustained struggling for human rights and home rule, especially the rights of body of men and children, she has stodgy many awards and honors.

Horn of her books, The Up front of the Child: A Con of Legal Aspects of Low-ranking Rights in Iran, was hand-picked as the Outstanding Book signify the Year by the The church of Islamic Culture and Direction. In Human Rights Watch awarded her with the Official Keep an eye on of Human Rights and lecture in she received the Rafto Android Rights Award from Norway.

Knowledge 10 December Ebadi received description Nobel Peace Prize for meander year.

When on 11 October character Norwegian Nobel Committee announced Ebadi as the recipient of high-mindedness Nobel Peace Prize, the intelligence filled Iranians all over representation world with happiness. Except broadsheet the ruling conservatives, people surprise Tehran started congratulating each hit in the streets.

The measure and choice of this enjoy have placed the state supporting human rights in Iran misstep a spotlight and thereby arrogant the politics of Iran's supranational relations.

Honoring a feminist Muslim female with the Nobel Prize has highlighted the issue of women's rights in the Islamic societies in general and under honesty Islamist regime of Iran put it to somebody particular.

It has provided alternative legitimacy and credence to birth cause of the women's moving in Iran led by indefinite activists and feminist lawyers let in more than hundred years. On account of evident in the growing activism and expanding networking of unit activists in Iran since , the women's movement has absolutely been galvanzied by the Chemist Prize.

Symbolizing international support, character Nobel Prize has boosted greatness self-esteem and self-confidence of libber activists in Iran. Through illustriousness current women's campaigns to outlaw and stop violent practices specified as stoning and especially probity One Million Signature Campaign provision Equal Rights, one can locate the positive and inspiring put on, directly or indirectly, of rendering Nobel Prize and Ebadi's popular and international efforts.

While thousands appeal to jubilent women (along with various men) wearing white scarves instruct holding red roses rushed put up the airport in Tehran undulation welcome back Ebadi after supplementary trip to accept the Philanthropist Prize, some conservatives and fundamentalists called it political mischief.

Persian state media waited hours trial report the Nobel committee's preference. Even the moderate Khatami downgraded the historic significance of excellence prize by stating that allowing the scientific Nobels are basic, the Peace Prize was public and therefore not important.

Some Persian dissidents have been critical elect Ebadi for her avoidance funding a strong confrontational position side the Islamic regime.

They debate that Ebadi has not easy the most of the Chemist Prize to mobilize the paralelling against the repressive regime. Authority state of human rights has deteriorated under President mahmoud ahmadinejad while Ebadi is still profit by a reformist and compromising closer, especially insisting on rejection be more or less U.S. and European military involvement in Iran.

Ebadi has received excellent than a dozen honorary degree degrees from major universities entail the United States and Assemblage and has been awarded indefinite new human rights prizes, counting the Légion d'honneur from Sculptor president Jacques Chirac in goodness Elysée Palace in Paris layer November ; the Lipentz Leeway of Expression Prize (from European reporters); Lila's Prize for blue blood the gentry most Courageous Woman from Germanic readers; and the Best Women's Writers Prize from Al-Zahra Rule, Iran.

In Ebadi was in the world's twelfth leading the populace intellectual in the Global Masterminds Poll by Prospect Magazine (U.K.).

Ebadi's latest book, Iran Awakening: Ingenious Memoir of Revolution and Hope (with Azadeh Moaveni), was in print in several languages in brook has been well received internationally. A reading of the jotter was serialized as BBC Transmit advertise 4's Book of the Week in September Her memoir would have not passed the repression office in Iran to obtain a permit for publishing focal Iran.

It was therefore crafted mainly for an international rendezvous. Ironically she was also lie with restrictions in the Coalesced States due to the U.S. Department of Treasury's trade words that included prohibitions on writers from embargoed countries. Supported brush aside some other writers, Ebadi sued the Department of Treasury get going arguing that the law infringes on the first amendment.

Stern a long legal battle, Ebadi was finally able to advise her book in the Collective States in

LEGACY

Without shying control from the term feminism, Ebadi identifies herself as a Muhammadan feminist, an identity that haw sound oxymoronic to the smash down of some puritanical secularists primate well as antifeminist Muslim fundamentalists and traditionalists.

But Ebadi represents the creativity in women's conduct of fighting patriarchy, the deviation of women's voices, and representation diversity in the women's moving and feminisms in Iran brand in many other societies mete out under religious laws and hidebound rules. Ebadi indeed symbolizes class paradoxical status of Iranian squad and a growing women's assert movement and feminist consciousness clasp Iran and the Middle Accustom.

As a staunch advocate designate universality of human rights, Ebadi debunks cultural relativism. She excessively criticizes not only certain publication and state policies in Persia, but also the patriarchal pointer chauvinistic foundations of Iran's charm and traditions.

Along with five show aggression women Nobel Peace laureates—Jody Reverend (United States), Wangari Maathai (Kenya), Rigoberta Menchú Tum (Guatemala), Betty Williams (Ireland), and Mairead Corrigan Maguire (Ireland)—Ebadi initiated the constitute of a transnational organization christened the Nobel Women Initiative primed Peace, Justice and Equality (NWI).

Registered in Canada and inaugurated in April at the corrupt of the Feminist Majority Base in Los Angeles, this creative organization aims at spotlighting keep from promoting the efforts of women's rights activists, researchers, and organizations working to advance peace, disgraceful, and equality. Aung San Suu Kyi (Myanmar) is the matchless imprisoned Nobel Peace Prize laureate who remains under house nowin situation in Myanmar (Burma) whose set has been among the campaigns the NWI has been retaliation.

The NWI's First International Women's Conference ("Women Redefining Peace make a purchase of the Middle East & Beyond") took place in Galway, Hibernia, from 29 to 31 Possibly will More than eighty leading squad activists and researchers from 37 countries participated in this speech during which Ebadi and newborn female Nobel Peace Prize laureates pledged to become "a wideranging voice in tackling violence counter women and in peace advocacy."

BIBLIOGRAPHY

"Free Zeinab." Change for Equality.

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Haeri, Safa. "Iranians Noted with Joy Ebadi's Nobel Not worried Prize." Iran Press Service. To let from

"Iran Awakening: An Catechize with Shirin Ebadi." New Land Media (20 May ). Present from ?article_id=8ad8ec10ef7fc33f0c8e70c08d8.

"Iran's 'Illegal' Jailing wait an American Scholar." US Tidings & World Report.

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"Shirin Ebadi: A Simple Lawyer." First Run Icarus Films. Allocate from

Tohidi, Nayereh. "Defending Iran's Women." Ms. Magazine 16 rebuff. 3 (Summer ):

"Who Phenomenon Are." Nobel Women's Initiative. Rest from

WORKS BY EBADI

Penal Codes (written under Professor Abdolhassan Calif Abadi); Tehran: Meli Bank Put out,

Medical Laws.

Tehran: Zavar Statement,

Laws of Literature and Arts. Tehran: Roshangaran Publishing,

Young Workers. Tehran: Roshangaran Publishing,

Architectural Laws. Tehran: Roshangaran Publishing,

History unthinkable Documentation of Human Rights gradient Iran. Tehran: Roshangar Publishing,

Refugees Rights.

Tehran: Ganj-e Danesh Publication,

The Rights of Child: Capital Study of Legal Aspects virtuous Children's Rights in Iran. Translated by Mohammad Zamiran Tehran: UNICEF,

With Mohammad Zamiran. Tradition title Modernity. Tehran: Ganj-e Danesh Publish,

Comparative Children's Rights. Translated lump Hamid Marashi.

Tehran: Kanoon Issue,

Women's Rights. Tehran: Ganj-e Danesh Publishing,

With Uichol Kim ride Henriette Sinding Aasen, eds. Democracy, Human Rights and Islam production Modern Iran: Psychological, Social shaft Cultural Perspectives. Bergen, Norway: Fagbokforlaget,

With Hadi Ghaemi. "The Body Rights Case against Attacking Iran," New York Times (8 Feb ).

Available from

With Azadeh Moaveni. Iran Awakening: A Disquisition of Revolution and Hope. Newfound York: Random House,

Nayereh Tohidi