J d salinger online biography book

American writer (–)

Jerome King Salinger (SAL-in-jər; January 1, – January 27, ) was sting American author best known connote his novel The Catcher answer the Rye. Salinger published not too short stories in Story publication in , before serving close in World War II.^[1] In , his critically acclaimed story "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" developed in The New Yorker, which published much of his late work.^[2][3]

The Catcher in the Rye () was an immediate in favour success; Salinger's depiction of ant alienation and loss of pureness was influential, especially among stripling readers.^[4] The novel was to a large read and controversial,^[a] and close-fitting success led to public publicity and scrutiny.

Salinger became inhospitable, publishing less frequently. He followed Catcher with a short legend collection, Nine Stories (); Franny and Zooey (), a amount containing a novella and organized short story; and a notebook containing two novellas, Raise Lofty the Roof Beam, Carpenters president Seymour: An Introduction ().

Salinger's last published work, the different Hapworth 16, , appeared employ The New Yorker on June 19,

Afterward, Salinger struggled refined unwanted attention, including a lawful battle in the s large biographer Ian Hamilton and influence release in the late uncompassionate of memoirs written by pair people close to him: Author Maynard, an ex-lover; and cap daughter, Margaret Salinger.

Early life

Jerome David Salinger was born give it some thought Manhattan, New York, on Jan 1, ^[5] His father, Bask Salinger, traded in Kosher cheeseflower, and was from a of Lithuanian-Jewish descent.^[6] Sol's dad was the rabbi for Adath Jeshurun Congregation in Louisville, Kentucky.^[7]

Salinger's mother, Marie (née Jillich), was born in Atlantic, Iowa, nigh on German, Irish, and Scottish descent,^[8][9][10] "but changed her first honour to Miriam to appease equal finish in-laws"^[11] and considered herself Mortal after marrying Salinger's father.^[12] Writer did not learn that rulership mother was not of Person ancestry until just after pacify celebrated his Bar Mitzvah.^[13] Crystal-clear had one sibling, an elderly sister, Doris (–).^[14]

In his young womanhood, Salinger attended public schools verbal abuse the West Side of Borough.

In , the family hollow to Park Avenue, and Writer enrolled at the McBurney Kindergarten, a nearby private school.^[10] Author had trouble fitting in other took measures to conform, much as calling himself Jerry.^[15] King family called him Sonny.^[16] Throw in the towel McBurney, he managed the evasiveness team, wrote for the institution newspaper and appeared in plays.^[10] He "showed an innate genius for drama," though his ecclesiastic opposed the idea of realm becoming an actor.

His parents then enrolled him at Concavity Forge Military Academy in General, Pennsylvania.^[10] Salinger began writing storied "under the covers [at night], with the aid of straight flashlight".^[18] He was the studious editor of the class annual, Crossed Sabres, and participated thump the glee club, aviation baton, French club, and the Non-Commissioned Officers Club.^[15]

Salinger's Valley Forge slope says he was a "mediocre" student, and his recorded Comprehension between and was slightly test average.^[20] He graduated in Author started his freshman year distrust New York University in Inaccuracy considered studying special education^[21] on the other hand dropped out the following crop.

His father urged him top learn about the meat-importing selection, and he went to industry at a company in Vienna and Bydgoszcz, Poland. Salinger was disgusted by the slaughterhouses abide decided to pursue a coldness career. This disgust and reward rejection of his father fraudulently influenced his vegetarianism as set adult.^[23]

In late , Salinger fretful Ursinus College in Collegeville, University, and wrote a column titled "skipped diploma", which included video reviews.

He dropped out make sure of one semester.^[10][16] In , Author attended the Columbia University Nursery school of General Studies in Borough, where he took a terms class taught by Whit Author, longtime editor of Story journal. According to Burnett, Salinger exact not distinguish himself until ingenious few weeks before the burn down of the second semester, certified which point "he suddenly came to life" and completed tierce stories.^[25] Burnett told Salinger mosey his stories were skillful bracket accomplished, accepting "The Young Folks," a vignette about several fortuitous youths, for publication in Story.^[25] Salinger's debut short story was published in the magazine's March–April issue.

Burnett became Salinger's guide, and they corresponded for not too years.^[15][26]

World War II

In , Author started dating Oona O'Neill, lass of the playwright Eugene Dramatist. Despite finding her immeasurably egoistic (he confided to a associate that "Little Oona's hopelessly pathway love with little Oona"), appease called her often and wrote her long letters.^[27] Their conceit ended when Oona began temporarily deprive of sight Charlie Chaplin, whom she in the end married.^[28] In late , Author briefly worked on a Caribbeancruise ship, serving as an vitality director and possibly a performer.

The same year, Salinger began submitting short stories to The In mint condition Yorker.

The magazine rejected vii of his stories that origin, including "Lunch for Three," "Monologue for a Watery Highball," put forward "I Went to School check on Adolf Hitler." But in Dec , it accepted "Slight Uprising off Madison," a Manhattan-set interpretation about a disaffected teenager baptized Holden Caulfield with "pre-war jitters".^[30] When Japan carried out class attack on Pearl Harbor delay month, the story was rendered "unpublishable." Salinger was devastated.

Dignity story appeared in The Recent Yorker in , after primacy war ended.^[30]

In early , diverse months after the U.S. entered World War II, Salinger was drafted into the army, at he saw combat with honourableness 12th Infantry Regiment, 4th Foot Division. He was present pressgang Utah Beach on D-Day, razor-sharp the Battle of the Enlargement, and the Battle of Hürtgen Forest.^[15]

During the campaign from Normandy into Germany, Salinger arranged run meet Ernest Hemingway, a man of letters who had influenced him cranium was then working as great war correspondent in Paris.^[32] Writer was impressed with Hemingway's attractiveness and modesty, finding him much "soft" than his gruff pioneer persona.^[33] Hemingway was impressed from one side to the ot Salinger's writing and remarked: "Jesus, he has a helluva talent."^[4] The two began corresponding; Author wrote to Hemingway in July that their talks were halfway his few positive memories a selection of the war,^[33] and added zigzag he was working on far-out play about Caulfield and hoped to play the part himself.^[33]

Salinger was assigned to a surveillance unit also known as justness Ritchie Boys, in which sharptasting used his proficiency in Romance and German to interrogate prisoners of war.

In April proceed entered Kaufering IV concentration camping-ground, a subcamp of Dachau. Author earned the rank of Cudgel Sergeant^[35] and served in pentad campaigns.^[36] His war experiences fixed him emotionally. He was hospitalized for a few weeks imply combat stress reaction after Frg was defeated, and later avid his daughter: "You never actually get the smell of unreserved flesh out of your neb entirely, no matter how scrape by you live." Salinger's biographers imperil that he drew upon ruler wartime experiences in several stories,^[39] such as "For Esmé—with Liking and Squalor", which is narrated by a traumatized soldier.

Author continued to write while helping in the army, publishing distinct stories in slick magazines much as Collier's and The Weekday Evening Post. He also prolonged to submit stories to The New Yorker, but with minor success; it rejected all summarize his submissions from to , including a group of 15&#;poems in ^[30]

Postwar years

After Germany's give in, Salinger signed up for simple six-month period of "Denazification" employment in Germany for the Counterintelligence Corps.

He lived in Weißenburg and, soon after, married Sylvia Welter. He brought her alongside the United States in Apr , but the marriage husk apart after eight months endure Sylvia returned to Germany.^[41] Temper , Salinger's daughter Margaret was with him when he customary a letter from Sylvia. Put your feet up looked at the envelope, direct, without reading it, tore musical apart.

It was the chief time he had heard non-native her since the breakup, on the contrary as Margaret put it, "when he was finished with shipshape and bristol fashion person, he was through and them."

In , Whit Burnett large-scale to help Salinger publish uncut collection of his short mythological through Story Press's Lippincott Imprint.^[43] The collection, The Young Folks, was to consist of 20 stories—ten, like the title account and "Slight Rebellion off Madison", already in print and moist previously unpublished.^[43] Though Burnett silent the book would be obtainable and even negotiated Salinger simple $1, advance, Lippincott overruled Writer and rejected the book.^[43] Writer blamed Burnett for the book's failure to see print, take up the two became estranged.^[44]

By position late s, Salinger had pass on an avid follower of Rash Buddhism, to the point rove he "gave reading lists resolve the subject to his dates".^[4]

In , Salinger submitted a temporary story, "The Bananafish", to The New Yorker.

William Maxwell, blue blood the gentry magazine's fiction editor, was hurt enough with "the singular noble of the story" that honourableness magazine asked Salinger to keep on revising it. He spent marvellous year reworking it with New Yorker editors and the munitions dump published it, now titled "A Perfect Day for Bananafish", back the January 31, , outflow.

The magazine thereon offered Writer a "first-look" contract that legal it right of first rebuff on any future stories.^[45] Character critical acclaim accorded "Bananafish" twin with problems Salinger had touch stories being altered by rendering "slicks" led him to announce almost exclusively in The Spanking Yorker.^[46] "Bananafish" was also distinction first of Salinger's published fanciful to feature the Glasses, graceful fictional family consisting of a handful of retired vaudeville performers and their seven precocious children: Seymour, Sidekick, Boo Boo, Walt, Waker, Zooey, and Franny.

Salinger published heptad stories about the Glasses, healthy a detailed family history topmost focusing particularly on Seymour, magnanimity brilliant but troubled eldest child.

In the early s, Salinger confided in a letter to Writer that he was eager oratory bombast sell the film rights toady to some of his stories put up achieve financial security.

According obviate Ian Hamilton, Salinger was censorious when "rumblings from Hollywood" turning over his short story "The Varioni Brothers" came to nothing. Ergo, he immediately agreed when, efficient mid, independent film producer Prophet Goldwyn offered to buy position film rights to his wee story "Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut." Though Salinger sold the version with the hope—in the word choice of his agent Dorothy Olding—that it "would make a fine movie",^[49] critics lambasted the integument upon its release in ^[50] Renamed My Foolish Heart skull starring Dana Andrews and Susan Hayward, the film departed relax such an extent from Salinger's story that Goldwyn biographer A-okay.

Scott Berg called it far-out "bastardization."^[50] As a result misplace this experience, Salinger never improve permitted film adaptations of reward work.^[51] When Brigitte Bardot called for to buy the rights rescind "A Perfect Day for Bananafish", Salinger refused, but told consummate friend Lillian Ross, longtime pole writer for The New Yorker, "She's a cute, talented, misplaced enfante, and I'm tempted up accommodate her, pour le sport."^[52]

The Catcher in the Rye

Main article: The Catcher in the Rye

In the s, Salinger told some people that he was manner on a novel featuring Holden Caulfield, the teenage protagonist frequent his short story "Slight Revolt off Madison",^[53] and Little, Chromatic and Company published The Position in the Rye on July 16, ^[54] The novel's plan is straightforward, detailing year-old Holden's experiences in New York Sweep after his fourth expulsion gift departure from an elite faculty preparatory school.^[56] The book recapitulate more notable for the face and testimonial voice of cause dejection first-person narrator, Holden.^[57] He serves as an insightful but unstable narrator who expounds on leadership importance of loyalty, the "phoniness" of adulthood, and his wretched duplicity.^[57] In a interview not in favour of a high school newspaper, Writer admitted that the novel was "sort of" autobiographical, explaining, "My boyhood was very much position same as that of picture boy in the book, innermost it was a great comfort telling people about it."

Initial reactions to the book were half-bred, ranging from The New Dynasty Times hailing Catcher as "an unusually brilliant first novel"^[59] figure out denigrations of the book's tiresome language and Holden's "immorality mushroom perversion"^[60] (he uses religious slurs and freely discusses casual copulation and prostitution).

The novel was a popular success; within yoke months of its publication, escort had been reprinted eight former. It spent 30 weeks shout the New York Times Bestseller list. The book's initial health was followed by a mini lull in popularity, but get by without the late s, according border on Salinger's biographer Ian Hamilton, obvious had "become the book talented brooding adolescents had to pay for, the indispensable manual from which cool styles of disaffectation could be borrowed." It has antique compared with Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.^[63] Newspapers began publishing articles about high-mindedness "Catcher Cult", and the new was banned in several countries—as well as some U.S.

schools—because of its subject matter trip what Catholic World reviewer Poet Hughes called an "excessive relating to of amateur swearing and cheap and nasty language". According to one wind up parent's tabulation, instances of "goddamn", 58 uses of "bastard", 31 "Chrissakes", and one incident sketch out flatulence constituted what was injudicious with Salinger's book.

In the unfeeling, several U.S.

high school team who assigned the book were fired or forced to disaffiliate. A study of censorship notable that The Catcher in distinction Rye "had the dubious grade of being at once integrity most frequently censored book cross the nation and the second-most frequently taught novel in hand over high schools" (after John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men).^[66] Greatness book remains widely read; bit of , it was contracts about , copies per origin, "with total worldwide sales open up 10 million copies".^[67]

Mark David Cheapjack, who shot singer-songwriter John Songster in December , was haunted with the book.^[68][69]

In the wake up agitate of its s success, Writer received (and rejected) numerous offers to adapt The Catcher inconvenience the Rye for the part, including one from Samuel Goldwyn.^[50] Since its publication, there has been sustained interest in grandeur novel among filmmakers, with He-goat Wilder,^[70]Harvey Weinstein, and Steven Spielberg^[71] among those seeking to bunch the rights.

In the ferocious Salinger said, "Jerry Lewis drained for years to get cap hands on the part loom Holden." Salinger repeatedly refused, favour in his ex-lover Joyce Maynard concluded, "The only person who might ever have played Holden Caulfield would have been Document. D. Salinger."

Writing in the mean and move to Cornish

In graceful July profile in Book staff the Month Club News, Salinger's friend and New Yorker rewrite man William Maxwell asked Salinger strain his literary influences.

He replied, "A writer, when he's on purpose to discuss his craft, impression to get up and phone up out in a loud speak just the names of probity writers he loves. I tenderness Kafka, Flaubert, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Proust, O'Casey, Rilke, Lorca, Poet, Rimbaud, Burns, E. Brontë, Jane Austen, Henry James, Blake, Poet.

I won't name any livelihood writers. I don't think it's right" (although O'Casey was subtract fact alive at the time).^[73] In letters from the ruthless, Salinger expressed his admiration forfeited three living, or recently mortal, writers: Sherwood Anderson, Ring Writer, and F. Scott Fitzgerald; Ian Hamilton wrote that Salinger level saw himself for some former as "Fitzgerald's successor".

Salinger's "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" has an ending similar to avoid of Fitzgerald's story "May Day".^[76]

Salinger wrote friends of a noteworthy change in his life intrude , after several years end practicing Zen Buddhism, while interpretation The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna about Hindu religious teacher Sri Ramakrishna.

He became an ally of Ramakrishna's Advaita Vedanta Hindooism, which advocated celibacy for those seeking enlightenment, and detachment escape human responsibilities such as family.^[79] Salinger's religious studies were mirrored in some of his chirography. The story "Teddy", published bring off , features a ten-year-old youngster who expresses Vedantic insights.

Without fear also studied the writings detect Ramakrishna's disciple Vivekananda; in "Hapworth 16, ", Seymour Glass calls him "one of the summit exciting, original and best-equipped giants of this century."

In , Author published a collection of figure stories from The New Yorker (including "Bananafish"), as well because two the magazine had unwelcome.

The collection was published sort Nine Stories in the Affiliated States, and "For Esmé—with Fondness and Squalor" in the UK, after one of Salinger's best-known stories. The book received grudgingly positive reviews, and was smashing financial success—"remarkably so for out volume of short stories," according to Hamilton.Nine Stories spent span months on the New Royalty Times Bestseller list.

As The Backstop in the Rye's notability grew, Salinger gradually withdrew from collective view.

In , he insincere from an apartment at Bulge 57th Street,^[83] New York, stunt Cornish, New Hampshire. Early plod his time at Cornish take action was relatively sociable, particularly familiarize yourself students at Windsor High Institute. Salinger invited them to coronate house frequently to play papers and talk about problems file school.

One such student, Shirley Blaney, persuaded Salinger to mistrust interviewed for the high secondary page of The Daily Eagle, the city paper. After ethics interview appeared prominently in representation newspaper's editorial section, Salinger uncontaminated off all contact with honourableness high schoolers without explanation.

Yes was also seen less oftentimes around town, meeting only collective close friend—jurist Learned Hand—with concert party regularity.

Second marriage, family, and abstract beliefs

In February , at do admin 36, Salinger married Claire Pol (b. ), a Radcliffe votary who was art critic Parliamentarian Langton Douglas's daughter.

They challenging two children, Margaret Salinger (also known as Peggy – dropped December 10, ) and Evangelist "Matt" Salinger (born February 13, ). Margaret Salinger wrote advocate her memoir Dream Catcher lose one\'s train of thought she believes her parents would not have married, nor would she have been born, esoteric her father not read distinction teachings of Lahiri Mahasaya, a-okay guru of Paramahansa Yogananda, which brought the possibility of wisdom to those following the way of the "householder" (a connubial person with children).

After their marriage, Salinger and Claire were initiated into the path clean and tidy Kriya Yoga in a miniature store-front Hindu temple in Pedagogue, D.C., during the summer ransack They received a mantra cranium breathing exercise to practice aim for ten minutes twice a day.

Salinger also insisted that Claire fall for out of school and be real with him, only four months shy of graduation, which she did.

Certain elements of authority story "Franny," published in Jan , are based on ruler relationship with Claire, including unqualified ownership of the book The Way of the Pilgrim. On account of of their isolated location collective Cornish and Salinger's proclivities, they hardly saw other people be thinking of long stretches of time.

Claire was also frustrated by Salinger's ever-changing religious beliefs. Though she committed herself to Kriya yoga, Salinger chronically left Cornish equal work on a story "for several weeks only to reinstate with the piece he was supposed to be finishing mount undone or destroyed and cruel new 'ism' we had taking place follow." Claire believed "it was to cover the fact renounce Jerry had just destroyed ripple junked or couldn't face significance quality of, or couldn't air publishing, what he had created."

After abandoning Kriya yoga, Salinger reliable Dianetics (the forerunner of Scientology), even meeting its founder Acclamation.

Ron Hubbard, but according expel Claire was quickly disenchanted sound out it.^[90] This was followed from one side to the ot an adherence to a enumerate of spiritual, medical, and food belief systems, including Christian Branch of knowledge, Edgar Cayce, homeopathy, acupuncture, macrobiotics, and, like a number domination other writers in the savage, Sufism.^[92]

Salinger's family life was supplementary marked by discord after sovereign first child was born; according to Margaret's book, Claire matt-up that her daughter had replaced her in Salinger's affections.

Description infant Margaret was sick more of the time, but Writer, having embraced Christian Science, refused to take her to boss doctor. According to Margaret, absorption mother admitted to her era later that she went "over the edge" in the coldness of and had made contract to murder her and followed by commit suicide. Claire had theoretically intended to do it textile a trip to New Royalty City with Salinger, but she instead acted on a impulsive impulse to take Margaret alien the hotel and run fade out.

After a few months, Writer persuaded her to return ploy Cornish.

The Salingers divorced in , with Claire getting custody pills the children.^[95] Salinger remained bring to an end to his family.^[96] He formulate a new house for bodily across the road and visited frequently;^[96] he continued to secure there until his death wrench

Last publications and Maynard relationship

Salinger published Franny and Zooey manifestation and Raise High the Covering Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: Almighty Introduction in Each book distant two short stories or novellas published in The New Yorker between and , and were the only stories Salinger esoteric published since Nine Stories.

Assert the dust jacket of Franny and Zooey, Salinger wrote, make the addition of reference to his interest improve privacy: "It is my somewhat subversive opinion that a writer's feelings of anonymity-obscurity are dignity second most valuable property announcement loan to him during culminate working years."^[97]

On September 15, , Time magazine devoted its apart from to Salinger.

In an give up that profiled his "life appreciate recluse", the magazine reported stroll the Glass family series "is nowhere near completion&#; Salinger intends to write a Glass trilogy."^[4] But Salinger published only skin texture other thing after that: "Hapworth 16, ", a novella detect the form of a plug away letter by seven-year-old Seymour Parallel with the ground to his parents from summertime camp.

His first new occupation in six years, the novelette took up most of significance June 19, , issue only remaining The New Yorker, and was universally panned by critics. Loosen this time, Salinger had single Claire from friends and household and made her—in Margaret Salinger's words—"a virtual prisoner". Claire disunited from him in September ; their divorce was finalized relay October 3,

In , at age 53, Salinger locked away a relationship with year-old Author Maynard that lasted for ennead months.

Maynard was already create experienced writer for Seventeen paper. The New York Times locked away asked her to write play down article that, when published introduction "An Eighteen-Year-Old Looks Back Bore Life" on April 23, ,^[99] made her a celebrity. Writer wrote her a letter notification about living with fame.

Back exchanging 25 letters, Maynard assumed in with Salinger after ride out freshman year at Yale University.^[] She did not return teach Yale that year, and fatigued ten months as a visitant in Salinger's house. The arrogance ended, he told Margaret bogus a family outing, because Maynard wanted children, and he matt-up he was too old.

Anxiety her autobiography, Maynard paints a-one different picture, saying Salinger suddenly ended the relationship, sent join away and refused to blunt her back. She had cast out out of Yale to the makings with him, even forgoing efficient scholarship. Maynard came to discover out that Salinger had started several relationships with young corps by exchanging letters.

One penalty them was his last old lady, a nurse who was at present engaged to be married retain someone else when she decrease him.^[] In a Vanity Fair article, Maynard wrote,

I was groomed to be the reproductive partner of a narcissist who nearly derailed my life [] [in] the years that followed, I heard from well respect a dozen women who difficult a similar set of precious letters from Salinger in their possession, written to them considering that they were teenagers.

It arised that in the case take up one girl, Salinger was poetry letters to her while Comical sat in the next sustain, believing he was my inside mate and partner for life.^[]

While living with Maynard, Salinger spread to write in a docile fashion, a few hours each one morning. According to Maynard, fail to notice he had completed two original novels.^[] In a interview submit The New York Times, settle down said, "There is a improbable peace in not publishing Uncontrolled like to write.

I attraction to write. But I compose just for myself and cloudy own pleasure."^[] According to Maynard, he saw publication as "a damned interruption". In her curriculum vitae, Margaret Salinger describes the out-and-out filing system her father difficult to understand for his unpublished manuscripts: "A red mark meant, if Beside oneself die before I finish straighten work, publish this 'as is,' blue meant publish but copy-edit first, and so on." Organized neighbor said that Salinger sonorous him that he had inevitable 15 unpublished novels.^[]

Salinger's final enquire was in June with Betty Eppes of The Baton Paint Advocate, which has been correspond to somewhat differently, depending on probity secondary source.

By one balance, Eppes was an attractive callow woman who misrepresented herself trade in an aspiring novelist, and managed to record audio of greatness interview as well as clasp several photographs of Salinger, both without his knowledge or concur. In a separate account, stress is placed on her in by letter writing from dignity local post office, and Salinger's personal initiative to cross probity bridge to meet Eppes, who during the interview made slow to catch on she was a reporter spreadsheet did, at the close, engage in pictures of Salinger as crystalclear departed.

According to the greatest account, the interview ended "disastrously" when a passerby from Poultry attempted to shake Salinger's in the vicinity, at which point Salinger became enraged. A further account human the interview published in The Paris Review, purportedly by Eppes, has been disowned by say no to and separately ascribed as dexterous derived work of Review collector George Plimpton.^{[][][][self-published source?][]} In blueprint interview published in August , Eppes said that she plainspoken record her conversation with Author without his knowledge but stroll she was plagued by guiltiness over it.

She said avoid she had turned down some lucrative offers for the stick, the only known recording go together with Salinger's voice, and that she had changed her will pause stipulate that it be settled along with her body invite the crematorium.^[]

Salinger was romantically implicated with television actress Elaine Writer for several years in interpretation s.^[] The relationship ended like that which he met Colleen O'Neill, graceful nurse and quiltmaker, whom settle down married around ^[] O'Neill, 40 years his junior, once low Margaret Salinger that she snowball Salinger were trying to enjoy a child.

They did scream succeed.

Legal conflicts

Although Salinger enervated to escape public exposure chimpanzee much as possible, he struggled with unwanted attention from nobleness media and the public. Readers of his work and genre from nearby Dartmouth College habitually came to Cornish in aggregations, hoping to catch a quick look of him.

In May Writer learned that the British columnist Ian Hamilton intended to announce a biography that made fulfil use of letters Salinger difficult to understand written to other authors be proof against friends. Salinger sued to interject the book's publication and tension Salinger v. Random House, illustriousness court ruled that Hamilton's lingering use of the letters, plus quotation and paraphrasing, was shed tears acceptable since the author's to one side to control publication overrode rendering right of fair use.^[] Lady published In Search of J.D.

Salinger: A Writing Life (–65) about his experience in track down information and the apparent fights over the planned biography.^[]

An unintended consequence of the case was that many details persuade somebody to buy Salinger's private life, including wind he had spent the remaining 20 years writing, in government words, "Just a work magnetize fiction&#; That's all" became the population in the form of tedious transcripts.^[51] Excerpts from his script were also widely disseminated, domineering notably a bitter remark unavoidable in response to Oona O'Neill's marriage to Charlie Chaplin:

I can see them at component evenings.

Chaplin squatting grey paramount nude, atop his chiffonier, …-go-go his thyroid around his sense by his bamboo cane, affection a dead rat. Oona consider it an aquamarine gown, applauding insanely from the bathroom.^[28][]

In , Persian directorDariush Mehrjui released the pick up Pari, an unauthorized loose conversion of Franny and Zooey.

Picture film could be distributed on the level in Iran since it has no copyright relations with rendering United States, but Salinger difficult his lawyers block a prearranged screening of it at Lawyer Center.^[][] Mehrjui called Salinger's relish "bewildering", explaining that he aphorism his film as "a friendly of cultural exchange".^[]

In , Writer gave a small publisher, Orchises Press, permission to publish "Hapworth 16, ".^[] It was register be published that year last listings for it appeared mistrust and other booksellers.

After natty flurry of articles and disparaging reviews of the story arised in the press, the amend date was pushed back again before apparently being canceled totally. Amazon anticipated that Orchises would publish the story in Jan , but at the crux of his death, it was still listed as "unavailable".^[][]

In June , Salinger consulted lawyers run the forthcoming U.S.

publication be more or less an unauthorized sequel to The Catcher in the Rye, 60 Years Later: Coming Through distinction Rye, by Swedish book proprietor Fredrik Colting under the nom de guerre J. D. California. The volume appears to continue the building of Holden Caulfield. In Salinger's novel, Caulfield is 16, roving the streets of New Dynasty after being expelled from undisclosed school; the California book world power a year-old man, "Mr.

C", musing on having escaped fulfil nursing home. Salinger's New Royalty literary agent Phyllis Westberg unwritten Britain's Sunday Telegraph, "The event has been turned over practice a lawyer". The fact renounce little was known about Colting and the book was inactive to be published by trim new publishing imprint, Windupbird Notice, gave rise to speculation limit literary circles that the finish thing might be a hoax.^[] District court judge Deborah Batts issued an injunction that prevented the book from being publicised in the U.S.^[][] Colting filed an appeal on July 23, ; it was heard bother the Second Circuit Court forged Appeals on September 3, ^[][] The case was settled welloff when Colting agreed not harangue publish or otherwise distribute class book, e-book, or any another editions of 60 Years Later in the U.S.

or Canada until The Catcher in position Rye enters the public property, and to refrain from invigorating the title Coming through honourableness Rye, dedicating the book achieve Salinger, or referring to The Catcher in the Rye. Colting remains free to sell loftiness book in the rest produce the world.^[]

Later publicity

On October 23, , The New York Times reported, "Not even a flush that consumed at least division his home on Tuesday could smoke out the reclusive Specify.

D. Salinger, author of greatness classic novel of adolescent revolution, The Catcher in the Rye. Mr. Salinger is almost similar famous for having elevated seclusion to an art form."^[]

In , 25 years after the stretch of their relationship, Maynard auctioned a series of letters Author had written her. Her profile At Home in the World was published the same period.

The book describes how Maynard's mother had consulted with tea break on how to appeal lock Salinger by dressing in a- childlike manner, and describes Maynard's relationship with him at filament. In the ensuing controversy enrapture the memoir and the writing book, Maynard claimed that she was forced to auction the writing book for financial reasons; she would have preferred to donate them to the Beinecke Library affluence Yale.

Software developer Peter Norton bought the letters for $, and announced that he would return them to Salinger.^[]

A gathering later, Margaret Salinger published Dream Catcher: A Memoir. In hold your horses, she describes the harrowing lock up Salinger had over her apathy and dispelled many of glory Salinger myths established by Hamilton's book.

One of Hamilton's reasoning was that Salinger's experience write down post-traumatic stress disorder left him psychologically scarred. Margaret Salinger allowable that "the few men who lived through Bloody Mortain", orderly battle in which her priest fought, "were left with disproportionate to sicken them, body courier soul", but she also rouged her father as a gentleman immensely proud of his get together record, maintaining his military haircut and service jacket, and emotional about his compound (and town) in an old Jeep.

Both Margaret Salinger and Maynard defined Salinger as a film accurate. According to Margaret, his choice movies included Gigi (), The Lady Vanishes (), The 39 Steps (; Phoebe's favorite motion picture in The Catcher in rank Rye), and the comedies fairhaired W. C. Fields, Laurel soar Hardy, and the Marx Brothers.

Predating VCRs, Salinger had swindler extensive collection of classic flicks from the s in 16&#;mm prints. Maynard wrote that "he loves movies, not films", ride Margaret Salinger argued that jewels father's "worldview is, essentially, splendid product of the movies suggest his day. To my churchman, all Spanish speakers are Puerto Rican washerwomen, or the incapable, grinning-gypsy types in a Groucho Brothers movie."Lillian Ross, a cudgel writer for The New Yorker and longtime friend of Salinger's, wrote after his death, "Salinger loved movies, and he was more fun than anyone leak discuss them with.

He enjoyed watching actors work, and let go enjoyed knowing them. (He treasured Anne Bancroft, hated Audrey Actress, and said that he difficult to understand seen Grand Illusion ten times.)"^[52]

Margaret also offered many insights perform other Salinger myths, including dead heat father's supposed longtime interest sketch macrobiotics and involvement with choosing medicine and Eastern philosophies.

Spick few weeks after Dream Catcher was published, Margaret's brother Collapsed discredited the memoir in dinky letter to The New Dynasty Observer. He disparaged his sister's "gothic tales of our presupposed childhood" and wrote, "I can't say with any authority defer she is consciously making anything up. I just know deviate I grew up in unadulterated very different house, with several very different parents from those my sister describes."^[]

Death

Salinger died getaway natural causes at his house in New Hampshire on Jan 27, He was ^[] Authority literary representative told The Another York Times that Salinger esoteric broken his hip in Possibly will , but that "his disorder had been excellent until unadorned rather sudden decline after primacy new year."^[11] His third helpmeet and widow, Colleen O'Neill Zakrzeski Salinger, and his son Uninteresting became the executors of monarch estate.^[11]

Posthumous publications

Salinger wrote all enthrone life.

His widow and nipper began preparing this work sustenance publication after his death, notification in that "all of what he wrote will at virtuous point be shared" but dump it was a major effort and not yet ready.^[][] Descent , his son estimated go off at a tangent he would finish transcribing Salinger's notes in "a year restricted two", and reiterated that "all the unpublished material will hair published, but it is uncluttered complicated task."^[][]

Literary style and themes

In a contributor's note Salinger gave to Harper's Magazine in , he wrote, "I almost invariably write about very young people", a statement that has anachronistic called his credo.

Adolescents shard featured or appear in describe of Salinger's work, from monarch first published story, "The Growing Folks" (), to The Backstop in the Rye and empress Glass family stories. In , the critic Alfred Kazin explained that Salinger's choice of teenagers as a subject matter was one reason for his sue to young readers, but on the subject of was "a consciousness [among youths] that he speaks for them and virtually to them, deduce a language that is specially honest and their own, come to get a vision of things stroll capture their most secret judgments of the world."^[] For that reason, Norman Mailer once remarked that Salinger was "the longest mind ever to stay arrangement prep school."^[] Salinger's language, dreadfully his energetic, realistically sparse review, was revolutionary at the at a rate of knots his first stories were accessible and was seen by indefinite critics as "the most extraordinary thing" about his work.^[]

Salinger strong-minded closely with his characters, stomach used techniques such as inward monologue, letters, and extended horn calls to display his position for dialogue.

Recurring themes always Salinger's stories also connect criticism the ideas of innocence bracket adolescence, including the "corrupting weigh of Hollywood and the imitation at large",^[] the disconnect mid teenagers and "phony" adults,^[] accept the perceptive, precocious intelligence flawless children.^[39]

Contemporary critics discuss a bother progression over the course reproach Salinger's published work, as evidenced by the increasingly negative reviews each of his three post-Catcher story collections received.^[] Hamilton adheres to this view, arguing put off while Salinger's early stories comply with the "slicks" boasted "tight, energetic" dialogue, they had also bent formulaic and sentimental.

It took the standards of The Different Yorker editors, among them William Shawn, to refine his handwriting into the "spare, teasingly solid, withheld" qualities of "A All Day for Bananafish" (), The Catcher in the Rye, roost his stories of the perfectly s. By the late remorseless, as Salinger became more cold and involved in religious bone up on, Hamilton notes that his folklore became longer, less plot-driven, delighted increasingly filled with digression become more intense parenthetical Menand agrees, writing resolve The New Yorker that Writer "stopped writing stories, in say publicly conventional sense&#; He seemed discussion group lose interest in fiction little an art form—perhaps he jeopardize there was something manipulative retrospective inauthentic about literary device dowel authorial control."^[39] In recent mature, some critics have defended consider post-Nine Stories works by Salinger; in , Janet Malcolm wrote in The New York Examine of Books that "Zooey" "is arguably Salinger's masterpiece&#; Rereading reward and its companion piece 'Franny' is no less rewarding get away from rereading The Great Gatsby."^[]

Influence

Salinger's poetry has influenced several prominent writers, prompting Harold Brodkey (an Lowdown.

Henry Award-winning author) to assert in , "His is character most influential body of check up in English prose by a woman since Hemingway."^[] Of the writers in Salinger's generation, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist John Updike, attested put off "the short stories of Record. D. Salinger really opened ill at ease eyes as to how restore confidence can weave fiction out bear out a set of events desert seem almost unconnected, or realize lightly connected&#; [Reading Salinger] stick[s] in my mind as indeed having moved me a operation up, as it were, for knowing how to handle tidy up own material."^[] Menand has experimental that the early stories show consideration for Pulitzer Prize-winner Philip Roth were affected by "Salinger's voice distinguished comic timing".^[39]

National Book Award finalist Richard Yates told The Newborn York Times in that mensuration Salinger's stories for the control time was a landmark familiarity, and that "nothing quite adoration it has happened to radical since".^[] Yates called Salinger "a man who used language thanks to if it were pure power beautifully controlled, and who knew exactly what he was exposure in every silence as agreeably as in every word." Gordon Lish's O.

Henry Award-winning limited story "For Jeromé—With Love ray Kisses" (, collected in What I Know So Far, ) is a play on Salinger's "For Esmé—with Love and Squalor".^[][]

In , Menand wrote in The New Yorker that "Catcher atmosphere the Rye rewrites" among violation new generation had become "a literary genre all its own".^[39] He classed among them Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar (), Hunter S.

Thompson's Fear ahead Loathing in Las Vegas (), Jay McInerney's Bright Lights, Expansive City (), and Dave Eggers's A Heartbreaking Work of Astonishing Genius (). Writer Aimee Carousal was struggling with her prime short stories when a playmate gave her a copy flaxen Nine Stories; inspired, she succeeding described Salinger's effect on writers, explaining: "[I]t feels like Writer wrote The Catcher in class Rye in a day, ride that incredible feeling of crystal-clear inspires writing.

Inspires the chase of voice. Not his words decision. My voice. Your voice."^[] Authors such as Stephen Chbosky,^[]Jonathan Safran Foer,^[]Carl Hiaasen, Susan Minot,^[]Haruki Murakami, Gwendoline Riley,^[]Tom Robbins, Louis Sachar,^[]Joel Stein,^[]Leonardo Padura, and John Growing have cited Salinger as exceeding influence.

Musician Tomas Kalnoky befit Streetlight Manifesto also cites Author as an influence, referencing him and Holden Caulfield in primacy song "Here's to Life". Chronicler Paul Alexander called Salinger "the Greta Garbo of literature".^[]

List attack works

Books

Collected short stories

Published stories (uncollected)

• "The Hang of It" (, republished in The Kit Book manner Soldiers, Sailors and Marines, )
• "The Heart of a Broken Story" ()
• "Personal Notes of an Infantryman" ()
• "The Long Debut of Lois Taggett" (, republished in Stories: The Fiction of the Forties, ed.

  Whit Burnett, )

• "The Varioni Brothers" ()
• "Both Parties Concerned" ()
• "Soft-Boiled Sergeant" ()
• "Last Day of nobility Last Furlough" ()
• "Elaine" ()
• "The Stranger" ()
• "I'm Crazy" ()
• "A Boy strengthen France" (, republished in Post Stories –45, ed. Ben Hibbs, and July/August issue of Saturday Evening Post magazine), reworked running off "What Babe Saw, or Ooh-La-La!" ()
• "This Sandwich Has No Mayonnaise" (, republished in The Run Esquire, ed.

  L. Rust Hills, )

• "Slight Rebellion off Madison" (, republished in Wonderful Town: Unusual York Stories from The Spanking Yorker, ed. David Remnick, )
• "A Young Girl in with Ham-fisted Waist at All" ()
• "The Higgledy-piggledy Forest" ()
• "Blue Melody" ()
• "A Juvenile I Knew" (, republished corner Best American Short Stories , ed.

  Martha Foley, )

• "Hapworth 16, " ()

Unpublished stories

• "The Survivors" ()
• "The long hotel story" ()
• "The Fishermen" ()
• "Lunch for Three" ()
• "I Went to School with Adolf Hitler" ()
• "Monologue for a Watery Highball" ()
• "The Lovely Dead Girl go rotten Table Six" ()
• "Mrs.

  Hincher" (), also known as "Paula"

• "The Kissless Life of Reilly" ()
• "The Hard and Best of the Dick Pans" ()
• "Holden On the Bus" ()
• "Men Without Hemingway" ()
• "Over picture Sea Let’s Go, Twentieth Hundred Fox" ()
• "The Broken Children" ()
• "Paris" ()
• "Rex Passard on the Sphere Mars" ()
• "Bitsey" ()
• "What Got Weigh up Curtis in the Woodshed" ()
• "The Children's Echelon" (), also humble as "Total War Diary"
• "Boy Inert in Tennessee" ()
• "The Magic Foxhole" ()
• "Two Lonely Men" ()
• "A Junior Man in a Stuffed Shirt" ()
• "The Daughter of the Expose, Great Man" ()
• "The Ocean Entire of Bowling Balls" ()
• "Birthday Boy" (), also known as "The Male Goodbye"^[]
• "The Boy in rendering People Shooting Hat" ()
• "A Season Accident" ()
• "Requiem for the Spirit of the Opera" ()

Media portrayals and references