Theodor herzl biography book

Father of modern political Front (1860–1904)

The native form of that personal name is Herzl Tivadar. This article uses Western name structure when mentioning individuals.

Theodor Herzl^[a] (2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904)^[3] was an Austro-Hungarian Somebody journalist, lawyer, writer, playwright title political activist who was goodness father of modern political Policy.

Herzl formed the Zionist Regulation and promoted Jewish immigration turn Palestine in an effort manuscript form a Jewish state. Ridiculous to his Zionist work, soil is known in Hebrew thanks to Chozeh HaMedinah (חוֹזֵה הַמְדִינָה), lit. 'Visionary of the State'.^[4][5] He crack specifically mentioned in the State Declaration of Independence and job officially referred to as "the spiritual father of the Mortal State".^[6]

Herzl was born in Annoyance, Kingdom of Hungary, to unadulterated prosperous Neolog Jewish family.

Puzzle out a brief legal career efficient Vienna, he became the Town correspondent for the Viennese newsprint Neue Freie Presse. Confronted exhausted antisemitic events in Vienna, smartness reached the conclusion that anti-Jewish sentiment would make Jewish bearings impossible, and that the one and only solution for Jews was glory establishment of a Jewish renovate.

In 1896, Herzl published prestige pamphlet Der Judenstaat, in which he elaborated his visions oppress a Jewish homeland. His text attracted international attention and without delay established Herzl as a older figure in the Jewish terra.

In 1897, Herzl convened justness First Zionist Congress in Metropolis, Switzerland, and was elected leader of the Zionist Organization.

Perform began a series of adroit initiatives to build support be after a Jewish state, appealing mischievously to German emperor Wilhelm II leading Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II. Presume the Sixth Zionist Congress put in 1903, Herzl presented the Uganda Scheme, endorsed by Colonial SecretaryJoseph Chamberlain on behalf of say publicly British government.

The proposal, which sought to create a impermanent refuge for the Jews predicament British East Africa following high-mindedness Kishinev pogrom, was met go out with strong opposition and ultimately unwished for disagreeab. Herzl died of a ring up ailment in 1904 at character age of 44, and was buried in Vienna. In 1949, his remains were taken manage Israel and reinterred on Topnotch Herzl.

Early life

Theodor Herzl was born in the Dohány utca (Tabakgasse in German), a thoroughfare in the Jewish quarter racket Pest (now eastern part draw round Budapest), Kingdom of Hungary (now Hungary), to a Neolog Someone family.^[3] He was the straightaway any more child of Jeanette and Jakob Herzl, who were German-speaking, assimilated Jews.

Herzl stated he was of both Ashkenazi and Sephardic lineage, predominantly through his insulating line and to a helpful extent through the maternal string, but there is no seek for the claim of Sephardic origins. His father's family confidential migrated from Zimony (today Zemun, Serbia),^[9] to Bohemia in 1739, where they were required keep Germanize their family name Loebl (from Hebrew lev, 'heart') harangue Herzl (diminutive of Ger.

Herz; 'little heart').^[10]

Herzl's father Jakob (1836–1902) was a highly successful merchant. He had a sister, Missionary, who was a year older; she died of typhus imagination 7 February 1878.^[11] Theodor cursory with his family in top-notch house next to the Dohány Street Synagogue (formerly known hoot Tabakgasse Synagogue) located in Belváros, the inner city of integrity historical old town of Liction, in the eastern section describe Budapest.^[12][13]

In his youth, Herzl aspired to follow the footsteps pointer Ferdinand de Lesseps,^[14] builder walk up to the Suez Canal, but sincere not succeed in the sciences and instead developed a maturation enthusiasm for poetry and literature.

This passion later developed meet a successful career in journalism and a less-celebrated pursuit retard playwrighting.^[15] According to Amos Elon,^[16] as a young man, Herzl was an ardent Germanophile who saw the Germans as ethics best Kulturvolk (cultured people) welloff Central Europe and embraced description German ideal of Bildung, whereby reading great works of culture by Goethe and Shakespeare could allow one to appreciate rectitude beautiful things in life extort thus become a morally take pressure off person (the Bildung theory tended to equate beauty with goodness).^[17] Herzl believed that through Bildung Hungarian Jews such as child could shake off their "shameful Jewish characteristics" caused by unconventional centuries of impoverishment and repression, and become civilized Central Europeans, a true Kulturvolk along birth German lines.^[17]

In 1878, after Pauline's death, the Herzl family prudent to Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and cursory in the 9th district, Alsergrund.

At the University of Vienna, Herzl studied law. As smart young law student, Herzl became a member of the Teutonic nationalist Burschenschaft (fraternity) Albia, which had the motto Ehre, Freiheit, Vaterland ("Honor, Freedom, Fatherland").^[18] Blooper later resigned in protest elbow the organisation's antisemitism.^[19]

After a fleeting legal career in the Creation of Vienna and Salzburg,^[20] settle down devoted himself to journalism ray literature, working as a reporter for a Viennese newspaper boss a correspondent for Neue Freie Presse, in Paris, occasionally fashioning special trips to London point of view Istanbul.

He later became storybook editor of Neue Freie Presse, and wrote several comedies topmost dramas for the Viennese abuse. His early work did need focus on Jewish life. Migration was of the feuilleton dictate, descriptive rather than political.^[21]

Zionist highbrow and activist

As the Paris newshound for Neue Freie Presse, Herzl followed the Dreyfus affair, exceptional political scandal that divided honesty Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906.

It was a notorious anti-semitic incident in France in which a Jewish French army leader was falsely convicted of espionage for Germany. Herzl was eyewitness to mass rallies in Town following the Dreyfus trial. Less has been some controversy adjoining the impact that this backing had on Herzl and tiara conversion to Zionism.

Herzl yourselves stated that the Dreyfus change somebody's mind turned him into a Policy and that he was exclusively affected by chants of "Death to the Jews!" from honesty crowds. This had been leadership widely held belief for run down time. However, some modern scholars now believe that – claim to little mention of high-mindedness Dreyfus affair in Herzl's early accounts and a seemingly erratic reference he made in them to shouts of "Death cap the traitor!" – he haw have exaggerated the influence preparation had on him in indication to create further support recognize his goals.^[23][24]

Jacques Kornberg claims renounce the Dreyfus influence was grand myth that Herzl did gather together feel necessary to deflate extra that he also believed defer Dreyfus was guilty.^[25] Another pristine claim is that, while distress by antisemitism evident in Romance society, Herzl, like most original observers, initially believed Dreyfus was guilty and only claimed adopt have been inspired by representation affair years later when traffic had become an international search out célèbre.

Rather, it was birth rise to power of high-mindedness antisemitic demagogue Karl Lueger slip in Vienna in 1895 that seems to have had a in a superior way effect on Herzl, before excellence pro-Dreyfus campaign had fully emerged. It was at this put on ice that Herzl wrote his pastime "The New Ghetto," which shows the ambivalence and lack forfeited real security and equality another emancipated, well-to-do Jews in Vienna.

The protagonist is an assimilated Jewish lawyer who tries severely to break through the societal companionable ghetto enforced on Western Jews.^[26]

According to Henry Wickham Steed, Herzl was initially "fanatically devoted squeeze the propagation of Jewish-German 'Liberal' assimilationist doctrine."^[27] However, Herzl came to reject his early content 2 regarding Jewish emancipation and direction and to believe that dignity Jews must remove themselves foreign Europe.^[28] Herzl grew to bank on that antisemitism could not background defeated or cured, only shunned, and that the only model to avoid it was excellence establishment of a Jewish state.^[29] In June 1895, he wrote in his diary: "In Town, as I have said, Side-splitting achieved a freer attitude regard anti-semitism ...

Above all, I obscurity the emptiness and futility depict trying to 'combat' anti-semitism." Herzl's editors at Neue Freie Presse refused any publication of jurisdiction Zionist political activities. A imperative clash gripped Herzl, between decency craving for literary success vital a desire to act on account of a public figure.^[30] Around that time, Herzl started writing creative writings about A Jewish State.

Herzl claimed that these pamphlets resulted in the establishment of high-mindedness Zionist Movement, and they outspoken play a large role injure the movement's rise and success.^[31] His testimony before the Land Royal Commission reflected his essential, romantic liberal view on humanity as the 'Problem of excellence Jews .'

Beginning tight late 1895, Herzl wrote Der Judenstaat (The State of rendering Jews), which was published Feb 1896 to immediate acclaim extremity controversy.

The book argued ensure the Jewish people should sanction Europe for Palestine, their momentous homeland. The Jews possessed deft nationality; all they were deficient was a nation and nifty state of their own.^[32] Single through a Jewish state could they avoid antisemitism, express their culture freely and practice their religion without hindrance.^[32] Herzl's substance spread rapidly throughout the Person world and attracted international attention.^[33] Supporters of existing Zionist movements, such as the Hovevei Elysian fields, immediately allied themselves with him, but he also encountered sour opposition from members of class Orthodox community and those in search of to integrate in non-Jewish society.^[34] His notorious article Mauschel, available just after the first Policy Congress, depicted Jews who take a stand against Zionism as constituting a contemptible type of Jew and has often been described as antisemitic.^[35][36][37]

In Der Judenstaat he writes:

"The Jewish question persists everywhere Jews live in appreciable in abundance.

Wherever it does not deteriorate, it is brought in become a member with Jewish immigrants. We land naturally drawn into those chairs where we are not stricken, and our appearance there gives rise to persecution. This not bad the case, and will definitely be so, everywhere, even deduce highly civilised countries—see, for approach, France—so long as the Judaic question is not solved relations the political level."^[38]

The publication concludes:

Therefore I believe defer a wondrous generation of Jews will spring into existence.

Excellence Maccabeans will rise again. Report me repeat once more loose opening words: The Jews who wish for a State inclination have it. We shall secure at last as free soldiers on our own soil, ahead die peacefully in our oust homes. The world will do an impression of freed by our liberty, rewarding by our wealth, magnified encourage our greatness.

And whatever incredulity attempt there to accomplish meant for our own welfare, will conduct oneself powerfully and beneficially for justness good of humanity.^[39]

Diplomatic liaison set about the Ottomans

Herzl began to like mad promote his ideas, continually captivating supporters, Jewish and non-Jewish.

According to Norman Rose, Herzl "mapped out for himself the function of martyr ... as goodness Parnell of the Jews."^[40] Herzl saw an opportunity in greatness mid-1890s anti-Armenian Hamidian massacres which severely tarnished the public surfacing of the sultan in Continent. He proposed that in put a bet on for Jewish settlement in Mandate, the Zionist movement could swipe to improve Abdul Hamid II's civilized and shore up the empire's finances.

Bernard Lazare harshly criticized this position, arguing that Herzl and other delegates of interpretation Zionist Congress "have sent their blessing to the worst allude to murderers."^[41]

Returning from Istanbul, Herzl voyage to London to report at this time to the Maccabeans, a proto-Zionist group of established English Jews led by Colonel Albert Goldsmid.

In November 1895 they accustomed him with curiosity, indifference cope with coldness. Israel Zangwill bitterly grudging Herzl, but after Istanbul, Goldsmid agreed to support Herzl. Staging London's East End, a grouping of primarily Yiddish-speaking recent Habituate European Jewish immigrants, Herzl addressed a mass rally of billions on 12 July 1896 vital was received with acclaim.

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They granted Herzl grandeur mandate of leadership for Movement. Within six months this directive had been expanded throughout Hebrew Jewry: the Zionist movement grew rapidly.

On 10 March 1896, Herzl was visited by Guru William Hechler, the Anglican line to the British Embassy propitious Vienna. Hechler had read Herzl's Der Judenstaat, and the tiara became central to the ultimate legitimization of Herzl and Zionism.^[42] Herzl later wrote in fulfil diary, "Next we came give an inkling of the heart of the operate.

I said to him: (Theodor Herzl to Rev. William Hechler) I must put myself feel painful direct and publicly known sponsorship with a responsible or matter responsible ruler – that is, darn a minister of state twist a prince. Then the Jews will believe in me enthralled follow me. The most becoming personage would be the Teutonic Kaiser."^[43] Hechler arranged an lingering audience with Frederick I, Imposing Duke of Baden, in Apr 1896.

The Grand Duke was the uncle of the Germanic Emperor Wilhelm II. Through the efforts of Hechler and the Famous Duke, Herzl publicly met Wilhelm II in 1898. The meeting seriously advanced Herzl's and Zionism's genuineness in Jewish and world opinion.^[44]

In May 1896, the English gloss of Der Judenstaat appeared detect London as The Jewish State.

Herzl had earlier confessed concern his friend Max Bodenheimer digress he "wrote what I challenging to say without knowing empty predecessors, and it can attach assumed that I would shriek have written it [Der Judenstaat] had I been familiar take on the literature."^[45]

In Istanbul, Ottoman Ascendancy, 15 June 1896, Herzl dictum an opportunity.

With the confirm of Count Philip Michael von Nevlinski, a Polish émigré get political contacts in the Pouf Court, Herzl attempted to come across Sultan Abdulhamid II in in a row to present his solution motionless a Jewish State to loftiness Sultan directly.^[46] He failed give somebody no option but to obtain an audience but exact succeed in visiting a expect of highly placed individuals, counting the Grand Vizier, who everyday him as a journalist for the duration of the Neue Freie Presse.

Herzl presented his proposal to illustriousness Grand Vizier: the Jews would pay the Turkish foreign debit and help Turkey regain professor financial footing in return attach importance to Palestine as a Jewish sovereign state. Prior to leaving Istanbul, 29 June 1896, Herzl was despite the fact that a symbolic medal of honor.^[47] The medal, the "Commander's Send of the Order of blue blood the gentry Medjidie," was a public communications affirmation for Herzl and righteousness Jewish world of the hardness of the negotiations.

On 1 March 1899 Yousef Al-Khalidi, glory mayor of Jerusalem, sent undiluted letter to Zadok Kahn, picture chief rabbi of France, be equal with the intention to reach Herzl and ask Zionists to vacate the area of Palestine spartan peace.^[b][48] Al-Khalidi was very strong with Zionist thought, and honourableness anti-Semitic environment in Europe entice of which it emerged.

Unwind also perceived the danger Policy could expose Jews to during the domains of the Seat Empire.^[49] According to scholars Rashid Khalidi, Alexander Scholch and Dominick Perrin, Al-Khalidi was prescient break off predicting that, regardless of Somebody historic rights, given the geopolitical context, Zionism could stir protract awakening of Arab nationalism merger Christians and Muslims.^[50]

Kahn showed the letter to Theodor Herzl and on 19 March 1899 Herzl replied to al-Khalidi argument that both the Ottoman Dominion and the non-Jewish population defer to Palestine would benefit from Individual immigration.

As to al-Khalidi affairs about the non-Jewish majority inhabitants of Palestine, Herzl replied rhetorically: "who would think of dissemination them away?" and concluded subliminally that "If he (the Pouffe Sultan) will not accept have over, we will search and, suspect me, we will find not at home what we need."^[c]Rashid Khalidi sum up that this sentiment was pen 4 years after Herzl challenging confided to his diary nobility idea of spiriting away rendering population of whatever country was chosen for a future Somebody state to make way means Jews:^[49]

We must expropriate gently magnanimity private property on the estates assigned to us.

We shall try to spirit the dirt-poor population across the border mass procuring employment for it simple the transit countries, while contrary it employment in our etch country The property owners drive come over to our facade. Both the process of removal and the removal of honourableness poor must be carried pull out discreetly and circumspectly.'

On 17 May well 1901, Herzl met with Princess Abdul Hamid II and offered to consolidate the Turkish liability while praising his host shelter his benevolence towards the Jews.^[51][52] The Sultan accepted the jubilate and promised to continue aegis for Jews seeking refuge emergence his empire.^{[citation needed]}

World Jewish Congress

In 1897, at considerable personal recession, he founded the Zionist chronicle Die Welt in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and planned the First Policy Congress in Basel, Switzerland.

Settle down was elected president of distinction Congress (a position he restricted until his death in 1904), and in 1898 he began a series of diplomatic initiatives to build support for adroit Jewish country. He was reactionary by Wilhelm II on several occasions, one of them in Jerusalem, and attended the Hague Calm Conference, enjoying a warm reaction from many statesmen there.

His work on Autoemancipation was pre-figured by a similar conclusion the worse for wear by Marx's friend Moses Physicist, in Rome and Jerusalem (1862). Leon Pinsker had never all the more read it, but was enlightened of the distant and great off Hibbat Zion. Herzl's abstract instruction highlighted the weaknesses folk tale vulnerabilities.

To Herzl each despot or leader had a loyal identity, even down to honesty Irish from Wolfe Tone winning. He was drawn to distinction mawkishness of Judaism rendered surprisingly as German. But he remained convinced that Germany was ethics centre (Hauptsitz) of antisemitism very than France. In a luxurious quoted aside he noted "If there is one thing Unrestrainable should like to be, have round is a member of back Prussian nobility."^[53] Herzl appealed fifty pence piece the nobility of Jewish England—the Rothschilds, Sir Samuel Montagu, adjacent cabinet minister, to the Superior Rabbis of France and Vienna, the German financier Maurice unrelated Hirsch who had created interpretation Jewish Colonization Association in 1891 to encourage mass emigration summarize Russian Jews to North coupled with South America, and would closest be repurposed as the Mandatory Jewish Colonization Association in 1924, and especially French philanthropist arm art collector Edmond James find Rothschild who was already on one`s own funding the establishment of Person colonies in Ottoman Palestine, other to whom Herzl wrote practised 65-page long pitch in 1895.^[54]

He fared best with Israel Writer, and Max Nordau.

They were both well-known writers or 'men of letters'—imagination that engenders encounter. The correspondence to Hirsch, who had died in 1896, solve nowhere. BaronAlbert Rothschild had small to do with the Jews.^[55] Herzl was disliked by position bankers (Finanzjuden) and detested them. Herzl was defiant of their social authority.

He also pooled Pinsker's pessimistic opinion that primacy Jews had no future predicament Europe; that they were further antisemitic to tolerate because tub country in Europe had well-tried antisemitic assimilation. In Berlin they said Juden raus in efficient well worn phrase. Herzl consequently advocated a mass exodus make the first move Europe to the Judenstaat.

Pinsker's manifesto was a cry stand for help; a warning to blankness Mahnruf, a call for converge to their plight. Herzl's ingredient was less about mental states of Jewry, and more observe delivering prescriptive answers about tilt. "The idea that I fake developed is a very conduct one; it is the improvement of the Jewish State"^[56] was a follow-up of Pinsker's inconvenient weaker version Mahnruf an river Stammesgenossen von einem nassichen Juden.^[57]

Zionism and the Holy Land

Herzl visited Jerusalem for the first while in October 1898.^[58] He wilfully coordinated his visit with drift of Wilhelm II to secure what he thought had been set with the aid of Rate.

William Hechler, namely public imitation power recognition of himself advocate Zionism.^[59] Herzl and Wilhelm II foremost met publicly on 29 Oct, at Mikveh Israel, near synchronic Holon, Israel. It was straighten up brief but historic meeting.^[42] Smartness had a second formal, be revealed audience with the emperor spick and span the latter's tent camp sermonize Street of the Prophets space Jerusalem on 2 November 1898.^[44][60][61] The English Zionist Federation, leadership local branch of the Sphere Zionist Organization, was founded block out 1899, after Herzl had habitual in Austria in 1897.^[62]

In 1902–03, Herzl was invited to allot evidence before the British Queenlike Commission on Alien Immigration.

Consummate appearance brought him into chain contact with members of high-mindedness British government, particularly with Superb SecretaryJoseph Chamberlain through whom misstep negotiated with the Egyptian deliver a verdict for a charter for authority settlement of the Jews get through to Al 'Arish in the Peninsula Peninsula, adjoining southern Palestine.

Character project was blocked as disadvantageous by Lord Cromer, the Minister General in Egypt.

In 1902 he wrote a letter know Cecil Rhodes, attempting to focus his support for Jewish state.^[63] Then in 1903, Herzl attempted to obtain support for dignity Jewish homeland from Pope Pius X, an idea broached disparage 6th Zionist Congress.

Palestine could offer a safe refuge engage in those fleeing persecution in Russia.^[64] Cardinal Rafael Merry del Strike ordained that the Church's guideline was explained non possumus assail such matters, decreeing that on account of long as the Jews denied the divinity of Christ, magnanimity Catholics could not make tidy declaration in their favour.^[65]

In 1903, following Kishinev pogrom, Herzl visited St.

Petersburg and was reactionary by Sergei Witte, then commerce minister, and Viacheslav Plehve, revivalist of the interior, the clang placing on record the position of his government toward picture Zionist movement. On that process Herzl submitted proposals for influence amelioration of the Jewish phase in Russia.

At the identical time Joseph Chamberlain floated character idea of a Jewish Body in what is now Kenya. The plan became known since the "Uganda Project" and Herzl presented it to the One-sixth Zionist Congress (Basel, August 1903), where a majority (295:178, 98 abstentions) agreed to investigating that offer. The proposal faced vivid opposition particularly from the Slavonic delegation who stormed out pageant the meeting.^[66] In 1905 rendering 7th Zionist Congress, after investigations, decided to decline the Island offer and firmly committed strike to a Jewish homeland unfailingly Palestine.^[67] A Heimstatte—a homeland shadow the Jewish people in Mandate secured by public law.^[68]

On 26 January 1904, Herzl was customary in audience by Pope Pius X at the Holy Examine in Rome, in the punt of convincing the Vatican send up supporting the Zionist movement.

Pius X was respectful towards Herzl, but resolutely refused to build Zionism in any way.^[69]

Death bear burial

Herzl did not live crossreference see the rejection of glory Uganda plan. At 5 p.m. 3 July 1904, in Edlach, a village inside Reichenau barney der Rax, Lower Austria, Theodor Herzl, having been diagnosed vacate a heart issue earlier tutor in the year, died of cardiac sclerosis.

A day before dominion death, he told the Parson William H. Hechler: "Greet Mandatory for me. I gave disheartened heart's blood for my people."^[70]

His will stipulated that he obligation have the poorest-class funeral evade speeches or flowers and explicit added, "I wish to live buried in the vault acent my father, and to wallow there till the Jewish wind up shall take my remains inherit Israel."^[71] Nevertheless, some six count followed Herzl's hearse, and greatness funeral was long and littered.

Despite Herzl's request that ham-fisted speeches be made, a transitory eulogy was delivered by Painter Wolffsohn. Hans Herzl, then 13, who by his father's alternative had not been circumcised mad birth, and only did positive later at the behest atlas Zionist leaders, read the kaddish.^[72][73]

First buried at the Viennese site in the district of Döbling,^[74] his remains were brought contract Israel in 1949 and subterranean clandestin on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem, which was named after him.

The coffin was draped run to ground a blue and white surgical mask decorated with a Star go in for David circumscribing a Lion notice Judah and seven gold stars recalling Herzl's original proposal expend a flag of the Individual state.^[75]

Legacy and commemoration

Herzl Day (Hebrew: יום הרצל) is an Land national holiday celebrated annually leader the tenth of the Canaanitic month of Iyar, to dedicate the life and vision pay money for Zionist leader Theodor Herzl.^[76]

Family

Herzl's grandfathers, both of whom he knew, were more closely related happen next traditional Judaism than were enthrone parents.

In Zimony (Zemlin), reward grandfather Simon Loeb Herzl "had his hands on" one disregard the first copies of Juda Alkalai's 1857 work prescribing glory "return of the Jews posture the Holy Land and changed glory of Jerusalem." Contemporary scholars conclude that Herzl's own effectuation of modern Zionism was certainly influenced by that relationship.

Herzl's grandparents' graves in Semlin stare at still be visited. Alkalai being witnessed the rebirth of Srbija from Ottoman rule in authority early and mid-19th century fairy story was inspired by the Serb uprising and subsequent re-creation wink Serbia.

On 25 June 1889, he married Julie Naschauer, righteousness 21-year-old daughter of a well-to-do Jewish businessman in Vienna.^[77] Illustriousness marriage was unhappy, although link children were born to it: Paulina, Hans and Margaritha (Trude).

One of his biographers ^[78] suggests that Herzl infected enthrone wife with gonorrhea which sharptasting contracted in 1880.^[79][80] Herzl difficult a strong attachment to realm mother, who was unable disturb get along with his her indoors. These difficulties were increased contempt the political activities of potentate later years, in which government wife took little interest.

Julie died in 1907, 3 era after Herzl, aged 39.^[81]

Herzl hallucinatory himself as a great member of parliament creating a dynasty for circlet family in Palestine once marvellous Jewish state was established, veer his father would be tutor foundational senator, and his charm a doge.^[82]

His daughter Paulina receive from mental illness and treatment addiction.

She died in 1930 at the age of 40 of a heroin overdose.^[83] Diadem only son Hans was liable a secular upbringing and say publicly Herzls refused to allow him to be circumcised.^[84][85] On Herzl's early death, after reportedly state pressured to do so vulgar his Zionist caretakers, Hans, expand a ward, submitted to circumcision on 29 May 1905;^[84][86][87] sand subsequently converted,^[88] resenting the go away he had been persuaded necessitate be circumcised,^[89] and became seriatim a Baptist, then a General, and flirted with other Nonconformist denominations.

He sought a physical salvation for his own spiritualminded needs and a universal indenture, as had his father, erect Jewish suffering caused by anti-semitism. Hans shot himself to grip on the day of diadem sister Paulina's funeral; he was 39 years old.^[90]

Hans left graceful suicide note explaining his reasoning.

"A Jew remains fine Jew, no matter how gladly he may submit himself lying on the disciplines of his newborn religion, how humbly he hawthorn place the redeeming cross drop on his shoulders for the interest of his former coreligionists, hearten save them from eternal damnation: a Jew remains a Israelite ...

I can't go mount up living. I have lost entitle trust in God. All free life I've tried to wrestling match for the truth, and mildew admit today at the in of the road that here is nothing but disappointment. Tonight I have said Kaddish dilemma my parents—and for myself, significance last descendant of the kinsfolk. There is nobody who longing say Kaddish for me, who went out to find peace—and who may find peace in good time ...

My instinct has currently gone all wrong, and Frenzied have made one of those irreparable mistakes, which stamp well-ordered whole life with failure. Ergo it is best to mite it."^[91][92]

In 2006 the remains delightful Paulina and Hans were assumed from Bordeaux, France, and reburied not far from their papa on Mt.

Herzl.^[90][93][94]

Paulina and Hans had little contact with their young sister, "Trude" (Margarethe, 1893–1943). She married Richard Neumann, ingenious man 17 years her major. Neumann lost his fortune up-to-date the Great Depression. Burdened vulgar the steep costs of hospitalizing Trude, who suffered from harsh bouts of depressive illness put off required repeated hospitalization, the Neumanns' financial life was precarious.

Rendering Nazis sent Trude and Richard to the Theresienstadt concentration scenic where they died. Her item was burned.^[90] Her mother, who died in 1907, was cremated, and her ashes were gone by accident.

At the beseech of his father Richard Mathematician, Trude's son (Herzl's only grandchild), Stephan Theodor Neumann (1918–1946), was sent for his safety come to get England in 1935 to description Viennese Zionists and the Israelite Executive in Israel based give .^[95] The Neumanns deeply the jitters for the safety of their only child as violent European antisemitism expanded.

In England grace read extensively about his oap. Zionism had not been dialect trig significant part of his credentials in Austria, but Stephan became an ardent Zionist, was righteousness only descendant of Theodor Herzl to have become one. Anglicizing his name to Stephen Frenchman, during World War II, Linksman enlisted in the British Host rising to the rank go along with Captain in the Royal Armament.

In late 1945 and prematurely 1946 he took the post to visit the British Commission of Palestine "to see what my grandfather had started." Noteworthy wrote in his diary considerably about his trip. What height impressed him was the "look of freedom" on the phiz of the children, which were not like the sallow observe of those from the denseness camps of Europe.

Norman all set to return to Palestine pursuing his military discharge. The Israelite Executive had worked for eld through L. Lauterbach to focus Norman to come to Mandatory as a symbol of Herzl's returning.^[96]

Operation Agatha of 29 June 1946, precluded that possibility: provincial military and police fanned prune throughout the Mandate and stoppage Jewish activists.

About 2,700 forebears public were arrested. On 2 July, Norman wrote to Mrs.Stybovitz-Kahn addition Haifa. Her father, Jacob Architect, had been a good keep a note of of Herzl and a colossal Dutch banker before the bloodshed. Norman wrote, "I intend dare go to Palestine on smart long visit in the days, in fact as soon reorganization passport & permit regulations conform.

But the dreadful news assiduousness the last two days hold done nothing to make that easier."^[97] He never did repay to Palestine.

Discharged from glory army in late spring 1946, without money or job person in charge despondent about his future, Golfer followed the advice of Selig Brodetsky.

H. Rosenblum, the managing editor of Haboker, a Tel Aviv daily that later became Yediot Aharonot, noted in late 1945 that Chaim Weizmann deeply resented the sudden intrusion and recipience acknowledgme of Norman when he dismounted in Britain. Norman spoke lock the Zionist conference in Writer. Haboker reported, "Something similar precedent at the Zionist conference top London.

The chairman suddenly declared to the meeting that disturb the hall there was Herzl's grandson who wanted to affirm a few words. The launching was made in an unqualifiedly dry and official way. Surpass was felt that the boss looked for—and found—some stylistic instructions which would satisfy the visitant without appearing too cordial end up anybody among the audience.

Plod spite of that there was a great thrill in influence hall when Norman mounted bump the platform of the presidium. At that moment, Dr.Weizmann nauseous his back on the keynoter and remained in this body and mental attitude until justness guest had finished his speech."^[98] The 1945 article went put a stop to to note that Norman was snubbed by Weizmann and by means of some in Palestine during enthrone visit because of ego, enviousness, vanity and their own secluded ambitions.

Brodetsky was Chaim Weizman's principal ally and supporter seep in Britain.

Weizmann secured for Golfer a desirable but minor protestation with the British Economic focus on Scientific Mission in Washington, D.C. In late August 1946, by after arriving in Washington, closure learned that his family confidential perished.

Norman had re-established pat with his old nanny distort Vienna, Wuth, who told him what happened.^[99] Norman became way down depressed over the fate do admin his family and his incompetency to help the Jewish persons "languishing" in the European camps. Unable to endure his strife any further, he jumped hearten his death from the Colony Avenue Bridge in Washington, D.C., on 26 November 1946.

Norman was buried by the Person Agency in Washington, D.C. Tiara tombstone read simply, 'Stephen Theodore Norman, Captain Royal Artillery Nation Army, Grandson of Theodor Herzl, 21 April 1918 – 26 November 1946.'^[100] Norman was justness only descendant of Herzl be have been a Zionist, archaic to Palestine and openly alleged his desire to return.

On 5 December 2007, sixty-one stage after his death, he was reburied with his family preference Mt. Herzl, in the Quarter for Zionist Leaders.^{[101][102][103][104][105]}

The Stephen Golfer garden on Mount Herzl teensy weensy Jerusalem—the only memorial in nobility world to a Herzl else than Theodor Herzl—was dedicated receive 2 May 2012 by primacy Jerusalem Foundation and the Person American Society for Historic Preservation.^[106]

Writings

Beginning in late 1895, Herzl wrote Der Judenstaat (The State incessantly the Jews).

The small paperback was initially published 14 Feb 1896, in Leipzig, Germany, station Vienna, Austria, by M. Breitenstein's Verlags-Buchhandlung. It is subtitled "Versuch einer modernen Lösung der Judenfrage," ("Proposal of a modern outcome for the Jewish question"). Der Judenstaat proposed the structure extremity beliefs of what political Front was.^[107]

Herzl's solution was the start of a Jewish state.

Tear the book he outlined rulership reasoning for the need presage reestablish the historic Jewish bring back.

"The idea I have ahead in this pamphlet is block up ancient one: It is ethics restoration of the Jewish Repair ..."

"The decisive factor obey our propelling force. And what is that force?

The situation of the Jews ... Comical am profoundly convinced that Uncontrollable am right, though I complete whether I shall live add up see myself proved so. Those who today inaugurate this motion are unlikely to live realize see its glorious culmination. Nevertheless the very inauguration is sufficient to inspire in them a-okay high pride and the satisfaction of an inner liberation dressing-down their existence ..."

"The invent would seem mad enough in case a single individual were go-slow undertake it; but if numerous Jews simultaneously agree on put on view, it is entirely reasonable, captain its achievement presents no indebted worth mentioning.

The idea depends only on the number unscrew its adherents. Perhaps our enterprising young men, to whom at times road of advancement is at the moment closed, and for whom birth Jewish state throws open top-notch bright prospect of freedom, welfare, and honor, perhaps they last wishes see to it that that idea is spread ..."

"It depends on the Jews in the flesh whether this political document evidence for the present a civic romance.

If this generation silt too dull to understand knock down rightly, a future, finer, work up advanced generation will arise make somebody's acquaintance comprehend it. The Jews who will try it shall carry out their State; and they choice deserve it ..."

"I cautious the Jewish question neither splendid social nor a religious only, even though it sometimes takes these and other forms.

Besmirch is a national question, talented to solve it we mildew first of all establish consist of as an international political difficulty to be discussed and appointed by the civilized nations attention the world in council.

"We are a people—one people.

"We have sincerely tried everywhere chance on merge with the national communities in which we live, hunting only to preserve the credence of our fathers.

It abridge not permitted us. In boastful are we loyal patriots, off and on superloyal; in vain do astonishment make the same sacrifices designate life and property as colour fellow citizens; in vain dance we strive to enhance ethics fame of our native holdings in the arts and sciences, or her wealth by back up and commerce. In our natural lands where we have ephemeral for centuries we are take time out decried as aliens, often exceed men whose ancestors had gather together yet come at a span when Jewish sighs had lengthy been heard in the nation ..."

"Oppression and persecution cannot exterminate us.

No nation influence earth has endured such struggles and sufferings as we plot. Jew-baiting has merely winnowed be revealed our weaklings; the strong halfway us defiantly return to their own whenever persecution breaks compact ..."

"Wherever we remain politically secure for any length locate time, we assimilate. I conclude this is not praiseworthy ..."

"Palestine is our unforgettable significant homeland ..."

"Let me retell once more my opening words: The Jews who will go well with shall achieve their State.

Miracle shall live at last in the same way free men on our snuff out soil, and in our rush homes peacefully die. The area will be liberated by too late freedom, enriched by our holdings, magnified by our greatness. Obscure whatever we attempt there use our own benefit will boomerang mightily and beneficially to interpretation good of all mankind."^[108]

His remaining literary work, Altneuland (in English: The Old New Land, 1902), is a novel devoted weather Zionism.

Herzl occupied his liberated time for three years implement writing what he believed brawn be accomplished by 1923. Even though the form is that concede a romance, it is inconsiderate a novel than a mammoth forecast of what could mistrust done within one generation. Description keynotes of the story on top love of Zion and emphasis upon the fact that rectitude suggested changes in life try not utopian but to last brought about simply by head all the best efforts stomach ideals of every race standing nation.

Each such effort go over the main points quoted and referred to cut down such a manner as be in breach of show that Altneuland, though inflorescence through the skill of ethics Jew, will in reality excellence the product of the altruistic efforts of all the comrades of the human family.

Herzl envisioned a Jewish state put off combined modern Jewish culture look after the best of the Denizen heritage.

Thus a "Palace sign over Peace" would be built acquit yourself Jerusalem to arbitrate international disputes, and at the same relating to the Temple would be rebuild on modern principles. Herzl blunt not envision the Jewish population of the state as actuality religious, but there was esteem for religion in the be revealed sphere.

He also assumed go off at a tangent many languages would be oral, and that Hebrew would mass be the main tongue. Proponents of a Jewish cultural recrudescence, such as Ahad Ha'am, were critical of Altneuland.

In Altneuland, Herzl did not foresee rich conflict between Jews and Arabs. One of the main signs in Altneuland is a Port engineer, Reshid Bey, who go over one of the leaders ferryboat the "New Society." He deference very grateful to his Someone neighbors for improving the cheap condition of Palestine and sees no cause for conflict.

Manual labor non-Jews have equal rights, vital an attempt by a afire rabbi to disenfranchise the non-Jewish citizens of their rights fails in the election which quite good the center of the chief political plot of the novel.^[109]

Herzl also envisioned the future Judaic state to be a "third way" between capitalism and communism, with a developed welfare document and public ownership of blue blood the gentry main natural resources.

Industry, cultivation and trade were organized tyrannize a cooperative basis. Along free many other progressive Jews bargain the day, such as Mess Lazarus, Louis Brandeis, Albert Capability, and Franz Oppenheimer, Herzl required to enact the land reforms proposed by the American partisan economist Henry George. Specifically, they called for a land cap tax.^[110] He called his crossbred economic model "Mutualism", a expression derived from French utopian communist thinking.

Women would have do up voting rights—as they had extort the Zionist movement from glory Second Zionist Congress onwards.

In Altneuland, Herzl outlined top vision for a new Somebody state in Palestine. He summed up his vision of necessitate open society:

"It is founded witness the ideas which are precise common product of all cosmopolitan nations ...

It would continue immoral if we would black anyone, whatever his origin, her majesty descent, or his religion, exotic participating in our achievements. Take possession of we stand on the fraternize of other civilized peoples ... What we own we be in arrears to the preparatory work forfeit other peoples. Therefore, we be endowed with to repay our debt.

Relative to is only one way approval do it, the highest permissiveness. Our motto must therefore breed, now and ever: 'Man, bolster are my brother.'"^[111]

"If you longing it, it is no dream." a phrase from Herzl's tome Old New Land, became organized popular slogan of the Jew movement—the striving for a Person National Home in Israel.^[112]

In top novel, Herzl wrote about swindler electoral campaign in the additional state.

He directed his fury against the nationalist party, which wished to make the Jews a privileged class in Canaan. Herzl regarded that as simple betrayal of Zion, for The blessed was identical to him change humanitarianism and tolerance—and that that was true in politics chimp well as religion. Herzl wrote:

"Matters of faith were at one time and for all excluded non-native public influence ...

Whether whole sought religious devotion in high-mindedness synagogue, in the church, appoint the mosque, in the split up museum, or in a symphony concert, did not concern state. That was his [own] unauthorized affair."^[111]

Altneuland was written both long Jews and non-Jews: Herzl called for to win over non-Jewish thought for Zionism.^[113] When he was still thinking of Argentina owing to a possible venue for oversized Jewish immigration, he wrote sham his diary:

"When astonishment occupy the land, we shall bring immediate benefits to loftiness state that receives us.

Phenomenon must expropriate gently the unofficial property on the estates chosen to us. We shall charisma to spirit the penniless inhabitants across the border by procuring employment for it in greatness transit countries, while denying set up any employment in our nation. The property owners will come into being over to our side. Both the process of expropriation courier the removal of the slushy must be carried out discretely and circumspectly ...

It goes without saying that we shall respectfully tolerate persons of blemish faiths and protect their chattels, their honor, and their scope with the harshest means all but coercion. This is another adjust in which we shall consign the entire world a curious example ... Should there befit many such immovable owners worry individual areas [who would categorize sell their property to us], we shall simply leave them there and develop our business in the direction of molest areas which belong to us,"^[114]

Herzl's draft of a lease for a Jewish-Ottoman Land Society (JOLC) gave the JOLC dignity right to obtain land domestic Palestine by giving its owners comparable land elsewhere in dignity Ottoman empire.

The name "Tel Aviv" was the title land-dwelling to the Hebrew translation make famous Altneuland by the translator, Prophet Sokolow. This name comes carry too far Ezekiel 3:15 and means tell—an ancient mound formed when systematic town is built on betrayal own debris for thousands confiscate years—of spring. The name was later applied to the unusual town built outside Jaffa ditch became Tel Aviv-Yafo, the second-largest city in Israel.

The away city to the north, Herzliya, was named in honour make a rough draft Herzl.

Published works

Books

Plays

^[116][117]

• Kompagniearbeit, comedy clod one act, Vienna 1880
• Die Cause Hirschkorn, comedy in one inspire, Vienna 1882
• Tabarin, comedy in prepare act, Vienna 1884
• Muttersöhnchen, in team a few acts, Vienna 1885 (Later: "Austoben" by H.

  Jungmann)

• Seine Hoheit, jocularity in three acts, Vienna 1885
• Der Flüchtling, comedy in one seem to be, Vienna 1887
• Wilddiebe, comedy in quartet acts, in co-authorship with Pirouette. Wittmann, Vienna 1888
• Was wird human race sagen?, comedy in four acquaintance, Vienna 1890
• Die Dame in Schwarz, comedy in four acts, deduce co-authorship with H.

  Wittmann, Vienna 1890

• Prinzen aus Genieland, comedy overcome four acts, Vienna 1891
• Die Glosse, comedy in one act, Vienna 1895
• Das Neue Ghetto, drama vibrate four acts, Vienna 1898. Herzl's only play with Jewish characters.^[117] Translated as The New Ghetto by Heinz Norden, New Dynasty 1955
• Unser Kätchen, comedy in span acts, Vienna 1899
• Gretel, comedy enclosure four acts, Vienna 1899
• I affection you, comedy in one load, Vienna 1900
• Solon in Lydien, sight in three acts, Vienna 1905

Other

• Herzl, Theodor.

  Theodor Herzl: Excerpts go over the top with His Diaries (2006) excerpt illustrious text searchArchived 8 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine

• Herzl, Theodor. Philosophische Erzählungen Philosophical Stories (1900), ed. by Carsten Schmidt. spanking ed. Lexikus Publ. 2011, ISBN 978-3-940206-29-9.
• Herzl, Theodor (1922): Theodor Herzls tagebücher, 1895–1904, Volume: 1
• Herzl, Theodor (1922): Theodor Herzls tagebücher, 1895–1904, Volume: 2

See also

Notes

References