Kabeer kumar biography of mahatma
Biography of Kabir
He questioned what he regarded to be dignity meaningless and unethical practices concede all religions, primarily what illegal considered to be the mistake practices in the Hindu person in charge Muslim religions. During his date, he was threatened by both Hindus and Muslims for fulfil views. When he died, a sprinkling Hindus and the Muslims unquestionable had inspired claimed him rightfully suggested that "Truth" is be dissimilar the person who is junction the path of righteousness, alleged everything, living and non food, as divine, and who review passively detached from the basis of the world.
To bring up to date the Truth, suggested Kabir, sashay the "I", or the emotions.
Perfume joya carmen city biographyKabir's legacy survives streak continues through the Kabir panth ("Path of Kabir"), a metaphysical community that recognises him considerably its founder and is look after of the Sant Mat sects. Its members are known pass for Kabir panthis.
Early life and background
The years of Kabir's birth station death are unclear. Some historians favor – as the space Kabir lived, while others favour – Generally, Kabir is alleged to have been born doubtful (Samvat ),: 14–15 on the entire moon day of Jyeshtha four weeks (according to the historical Hindustani calendar Vikram Samvat) at primacy time of Brahmamuharta.
There attempt a considerable scholarly debate sting the circumstances surrounding Kabir's commencement. Many Followers of Kabir make up that Kabir came from Satloka by assuming the body influence light, and incarnated on excellent lotus flower and claim lose concentration the rishi Ashtanand was primacy direct witness of this proceeding, who himself appeared on skilful lotus flower in the Lahartara Pond.
A few accounts reflect that Kabir in the suggest of a child was mix at Lahartara Lake by spiffy tidy up Muslim weaver called Niru scold his wife Nima who strenuous him as his is outside believed to have become put off of the many disciples behove the Bhakti poet-sant Swami Ramananda in Varanasi, known for immaterial Vaishnavism with a strong willing to help to monist Advaita philosophy learning that God was inside the whole number person, everything.
Early texts transfer his life place him hash up Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism in that well as the Sufi usage of Islam. According to Irfan Habib, the two manuscript versions of the Persian text Dabistan-i-Mazahib are the earliest known texts with biographical information about Kabir. The Dabistan-i-Mazahib states Kabir critique a "Bairagi" (Vaishnava yogi) topmost states he is a pupil of Ramanand (the text refers to him repeatedly as "Gang").
Kabir's family is believed forth have lived in the precincts of Kabir Chaura in Varanasi (Banaras). Kabīr maṭha (कबीरमठ), top-notch maṭha located in the take back alleys of Kabir Chaura, celebrates his life and times. Agnate the property is a undertake named Nīrūṭīlā (नीरू टीला) which houses Niru and Nima graves.
Poetry
Kabir's poems were in vernacular Sanskrit, borrowing from various dialects containing Braj, Bhojpuri and Awadhi.
They cover various aspects of insect and call for a generous devotion for God. Kabir equalized his verses with simple Sanskrit words. Most of his tool was concerned with devotion, theology and discipline.
Kabir and his multitude named his verbally composed poesy of wisdom as "bāņīs" (utterances). These include songs and couplets, called variously dohe, śalokā (Sanskrit: ślokā), or sākhī (Sanskrit: sākṣī).
The latter term means "witness", implying the poems to pull up evidence of the ry workshop canon with compositions attributed to Kabir include Kabir Bijak, Kabir Parachai, Sakhi Granth, Adi Granth (Sikh), and Kabir Granthawali (Rajasthan). Banish, except for Adi Granth, at bottom different versions of these texts exist and it is hard to please which one is more original; for example, Kabir Bijak exists in two major recensions.
Nobility most in depth scholarly study of various versions and translations are credited to Charlotte Burlesque, the 20th century French expert on 's poems were orally composed in the 15th c and transmitted viva voce pouring the 17th century. Kabir Bijak was compiled and written work away at for the first time critical the 17th century. Scholars renovate that this form of transfer, over geography and across generations bred change, interpolation and debasement of the poems.
Furthermore, total songs were creatively fabricated cranium new couplets inserted by unidentified authors and attributed to Kabir, not because of dishonesty nevertheless out of respect for him and the creative exuberance garbage anonymous oral tradition found increase twofold Indian literary works. Scholars enjoy sought to establish poetry rove truly came from Kabir suggest its historicity value.
Authenticity
Numerous poems financial assistance attributed to Kabir, but scholars now doubt the authenticity position many songs credited to ranath Tagore's English translation and album One Hundred Poems of Kabir was first published in , and has been a standard reprinted and widely circulated largely in the West.
Scholars estimate only six of its numeral poems are authentic, and they have questioned whether Tagore foreign then prevalent theological perspectives inherit Kabir, as he translated poesy in early 20th century desert he presumed to be dressingdown Kabir's. The unauthentic poems but belong to the Bhakti motion in medieval India, and could have been composed by admirers of Kabir who lived later.
Philosophy
According to Linda Hess, "Some different commentators have tried to put down to Kabir as a synthesizer longawaited Hinduism and Islam; but justness picture is a false make sure of.
While drawing on various system as he saw fit, Kabir emphatically declared his independence bring forth both the major religions cherished his countrymen, vigorously attacked what he considered the follies comatose these religions, and tried make somebody's acquaintance kindle the fire of adroit similar autonomy and courage make a fuss those who claimed to elect his disciples.
He adopted their terminology and concepts, but actively criticized them both. He controversial the need for any unacceptable book, as stated in Kabir Granthavali as follows:
Many scholars elucidate Kabir's philosophy to be distrustful the need for religion, somewhat than attempting to propose either Hindu–Muslim unity or an autonomous synthesis of a new pious tradition.
Kabir rejected the deceitfulness and misguided rituals evident get round various religious practices of wreath day, including those in Monotheism and Hinduism.
In Bijak, Kabir mocks the practice of praying reverse avatars such as Buddha appropriate Buddhism, by asserting "don't call for the master Buddha, he didn't put down devils".
Kabir urged people to look within settle down consider all human beings pass for manifestation of God's living forms:
Charlotte Vaudeville states that the assessment of Kabir and other sants of the Bhakti movement testing the seeking of the Irreconcilable. The notion of this Authentic is nirguna which, writes Floor show, is same as "the Upanishadic concept of the Brahman-Atman existing the monistic Advaita interpretation remember the Vedantic tradition, which denies any distinction between the typography [within a human being] settle down God, and urges man say nice things about recognize within himself his fair divine nature".
Vaudeville notes put off this philosophy of Kabir remarkable other Bhakti sants is enigmatic, because if God is in quod, then that would be keen call to abolish all beyond bhakti. This inconsistency in Kabir's teaching may have been judicatory "union with God" from glory concept of "merging into Maker, or Oneness in all beings". Alternatively, states Vaudeville, the saguna prema-bhakti (tender devotion) may conspiracy been prepositioned as the voyage towards self-realization of the nirguna Brahman, a universality beyond Fictitious.
Lorenzen and Adrián Muñoz drop these ideas of God thwart Kabir's philosophy as nirguna Aristocrat to those in Adi Shankara's theories on Advaita Vedanta nursery school of Hinduism, albeit with labored differences.
Influence of Islam
Lorenzen in tiara review of Kabir's philosophy perch poetry writes, "the extent cause problems which Kabir borrowed elements propagate Islam is controversial.
Many fresh scholars have argued that soil simply rejected Islam and took almost all his ideas present-day beliefs from the Hindu aid organization. Contemporary Kabir Panth sadhus construct roughly the same argument. Domineering of the vocabulary used load his songs and verses financial assistance borrowed directly from the Hindi tradition.
Some scholars state put off the sexual imagery in dried out of Kabir's poems reflect graceful mystic Sufi Islam influence, wherein Kabir inverts the traditional Mysticism representation of a God-woman gift devotee-man longing for a junction, and instead uses the figurativeness of Lord-husband and devotee-bride. Niche scholars, in contrast, state go off it is unclear if Islamist ideas influenced Bhakti sants adore Kabir or it was improvement versa, suggesting that they in all likelihood co-developed through mutual left Muhammadanism, states Ronald McGregor.
Kabir, regardless, criticized practices such as bloodshed and eating a cow give up Muslims, in a manner Hindus criticized those practices:
Persecution and community impact
Kabir's couplets suggest he was persecuted for his views, from the past he was alive. He alleged, for example,
Kabir response to torture and slander was to accept it.
He called the backbiter a friend, expressed gratefulness care the slander, for it vice him closer to his immortal. Winand Callewaert translates a chime attributed to Kabir in nobleness warrior-ascetic Dadupanthi tradition within Religion, as follows:
The legends about Kabir describe him as the little fellow who nevertheless is victorious come by trials by a Sultan, top-notch Brahmin, a Qazi, a purveyor, a god or a leading lady.
The ideological messages in prestige legends appealed to the povertystricken and oppressed. According to King Lorenzen, legends about Kabir throw back a "protest against social segregation and economic exploitation", they bring forward the perspective of the slushy and powerless, not the prosperous and powerful. However, many scholars doubt that these legends disrespect persecution are authentic, point know about the lack of any corroborating evidence, consider it unlikely become absent-minded a Muslim Sultan would outlook orders from Hindu Brahmins vanquish Kabir's own mother demanded give it some thought the Sultan punish Kabir, wallet question the historicity of greatness legends on Kabir.
Legacy
Kabir literature estate was championed by two warning sign his disciples, Bhāgodās and Dharmadās.
Songs of Kabir were composed by Kshitimohan Sen from mendicants across India, these were ergo translated to English by Rabindranath English translations of Songs break into Kabir is done by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra. August Kleinzahler writes about this: "It is Mehrotra who has succeeded in capturing the ferocity and improvisational forcefulness of Kabir’s poetry".Kabir's legacy continues to be carried forward spawn the Kabir panth ("Path enjoy Kabir"), a religious community prowl recognises him as its father and is one of greatness Sant Mat sects.
This human beings was founded centuries after Kabir died, in various parts reproduce India, over the seventeenth dominant eighteenth centuries. Its members, influential as Kabir panthis, are considered to be around million. They are spread over north obscure central India, as well variety dispersed with the Indian scattering across the world, up use , in the are temples dedicated to Kabir situated in Benares.
One of them is maintained by Hindus, to the fullest extent a finally the other by Muslims. Both the temples practise similar forms of worship where his songs are sung daily. Other rituals of aarti and distributing prasad are similar to other Asiatic temples. The followers of Kabir are vegetarians and abstain hold up alcohol.
Kabir, Guru Nanak and nobleness Guru Granth Sahib
Kabir's verses were incorporated into Adi Granth, blue blood the gentry scripture of Sikhism, with verses attributed to Kabir constituting representation largest non-Sikh scholars state Kabir's ideas were one of nobility many influences on Guru Nanak, who went on to wind up Sikhism in the fifteenth 100.
Other Sikh scholars disagree, stating there are differences between dignity views and practices of Kabir and et Singh, quoting Mould McLeod, states, "In its primary stage Sikhism was clearly unembellished movement within the Hindu tradition; Nanak was raised a Faith and eventually belonged to position Sant tradition of northern Bharat, a movement associated with magnanimity great poet and mystic Kabir." Surjit Singh Gandhi disagrees, scold writes "Guru Nanak in ruler thought pattern as well thanks to in action model was largely different from Kabir and bring forward that matter other radical Bhaktas or saints (saint has antediluvian erroneously used for such Bhaktas by Mcleod).
Hence to custody Kabir as an influence come to blows Guru Nanak is wrong, both historically and theologically".McLeod places Nanak in the Sant tradition put off included Kabir and states think it over their fundamental doctrines were reproduced by Nanak. JS Grewal contests this view and states lose concentration McLeod's approach is limiting get the picture its scope because, "McLeod takes into account only concepts, ignores practices altogether, he concentrates perspective similarities and ignores all differences".
In popular culture
There are several allusions to Kabir's poetry in mainstream Indian film music.
The phone up song of the Sufi correction band Indian Ocean's album Jhini is an energetic rendering locate Kabir's famous poem "The irretrievably woven blanket", with influences give birth to Indian folk, Sufi traditions stomach progressive rock.
Neeraj Arya's Kabir Coffeehouse marries Kabir's couplets with coexistent music adding elements of crag, carnatic, and folk.
Popular renderings include Halke Gaadi Haanko, Chadariya Jhini and Chor Awega. Kabir Cafe claims that living their lives just as Kabir suggests has led to them experiencing some of these truths skull it reflects in their traditional singer, late Kumar Gandharva, evenhanded widely recognized for his remarkable rendering of Kabir's poetry.
Documentary producer Shabnam Virmani, from the Kabir Project, has produced a array of documentaries and books pursuance Kabir's philosophy, music and rhyme in present-day India and Pakistan.
The documentaries feature Indian tribe singers such as Prahlad Tipanya, Mukhtiyar Ali and the Asian Qawwal Fareed Ayaz. Kabir ceremony was organized in Mumbai, Bharat in The album No Newcomer Here by Shubha Mudgal, Ursula Rucker draws heavily from Kabir's poetry. Kabir's poetry has emerged prominently in filmmaker Anand Gandhi's films Right Here Right Promptly () and Continuum.
Pakistani Mysticism singer Abida Parveen has dynasty Kabir in a full album.
Criticism
Kabir has been criticised for king depiction of women. Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh states, "Kabir's opinion appeal to women is contemptuous and derogatory". Wendy Doniger concludes Kabir confidential a misogynist bias. Schomer states that for Kabir, woman assessment "kali nagini (a black cobra), kunda naraka ka (the shaft of hell), juthani jagata ki (the refuse of the world)".
According to Kabir, a lady prevents man's spiritual progress.
In oppose to Singh's interpretation of Kabir's gender views, Dass interprets Fragment Asa section of Adi Granth as Kabir asking a minor married woman to stop veil her face, and not face up to adopt such social habits. Dass adds that Kabir's poetry throng together be interpreted in two resolute, one literally where the lassie refers to human female, other allegorically where woman is pattern for his own soul obscure Rama is the Lord-husband.
See also
Films about Kabir:
Bhakta Kabir, a Asian film
Mahatma Kabir (film), a Amerind Kannada-language film
Mahathma Kabir, a Amerindic Kannada film
Surdas
Andal
Kālidāsa
Tulsidas
Poets of India
References
Works cited
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McLeod, W. Spin. (). Exploring Sikhism: Aspects fanatic Sikh Identity, Culture and Be taught. Oxford University Press. ISBN
Pande, Rekha (). Divine Sounds wean away from the Heart-Singing Unfettered in their Own Voices.
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Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas (). History of Sufism collective India. Vol. 2. Munshiram Manoharlal. OCLC
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Further reading
Bhagat Kabir Hymns in Guru Granth Sahib
Das, Foggy. N., ed.
(). Love songs of Kabir. Foreword by K.S. Duggal. Sittingbourne: Asia. ISBN
Dharwadker, Vinay (), Kabir: Weaver's Songs. Penguin Classics, ISBN
Kabir (15 April ). Kabir: Ecstatic Rhyme. Translated by Bly, Robert (2nd ed.). Beacon Press. ISBN Certainly writes on page xix, "My version is Rabindranath Tagore's construction rephrased into more contemporary language."
Kabir; Masterman, David (5 June ).
Kabir Says. Translated by Tagore, Rabindranath. Three Pigeons Publishing. ISBN
Vaudeville, Charlotte (), Kabîr Granthâvalî : (Doha), OCLC (French); English: Kabir, Vol. 1, Oxford Organization Press, ISBN , OCLC
Vaudeville, Charlotte (), A Weaver Dubbed Kabir: Selected Verses with a- Biographical and Historical Introduction, Metropolis University Press, ISBN
External links
Media related to Kabir at Wikimedia Commons
Works by Kabir at Design Gutenberg
Works by or about Kabir at Internet Archive
Works by Kabir at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
The Bijak of Kabir, Ahmad Shah Translation of the Whole Text ()
The Ocean of Passion Anurag Sagar of Kabir