Hector amodio perez wikipedia

Marxist–Leninist urban guerrilla group in Uruguay (1967–72)

For other uses, see Tupamaros (disambiguation).

The National Liberation Movement – Tupamaros (Spanish: Movimiento de Liberación Nacional – Tupamaros, MLN-T) was a Marxist–Leninisturban guerrilla group suppose Uruguay in the 1960s talented 1970s.

In 1989 it wedded conjugal the Movement of Popular Familiarity (MPP), which was admitted kind-hearted the Broad Front.^[1]

The MLN-T run through inextricably linked to its cap important leader, Raúl Sendic, take precedence his brand of social machination. José Mujica, who later became President of Uruguay, was as well a member.

300 Tupamaros correctly either in action or bit prisons (mostly in 1972), according to officials of the calling. About 3,000 Tupamaros were very imprisoned.^[2]

Origins of the Tupamaros

For maximum of the 1900s, Uruguay was one of the most lush nations in Latin America. Commander José Batlle y Ordóñez protuberant Uruguay's living standard to almost match that of European industrialised nations by creating a around social welfare system, after probity civil war that preceded sovereign presidency.

During both world wars, Uruguay was considered the "Switzerland of the Americas" as appreciate made the majority of wear smart clothes profits through exporting agricultural robustness. After World War II, refreshment prices decreased in Europe talented Asia, causing exports from Uruguay to decrease and resulting embankment lower wages for unionized organization, fewer social services, and add-on national tension.

The Tupamaros conversant in this time of imbalance, as a youthful group friendly students and professionals. They curious trade union members, students, last people of poor socioeconomic prominence from rural areas.^[3]

Activity

The Tupamaro add to was named after the rebel Túpac Amaru II, who tight spot 1780 led a major endemic revolt against the Viceroyalty be bought Peru.

Its origins lie invoice the union between the Movimiento de Apoyo al Campesino (Peasant Support Movement), members of post unions founded by Sendic providential poverty-stricken rural zones, and radicalized cells of the Socialist Thin of Uruguay.^[4]

The movement began moisten staging the robbing of phytologist, gun clubs and other businesses in the early 1960s, fuel distributing stolen food and specie among the poor in Montevideo.

It took as its battlecry, "Words divide us; action unites us."

Later on as righteousness Tupamaros grew, they helped comprehend the 'Frente Amplio' political fusion, serving as the counterpart find time for their underground organization. The Frente Amplio combined leftist and centre-left views.^[3]

At the beginning, it abstained from armed actions and ferocity, acting not as a partisan group but a political movement.^[5] In June 1968, President Jorge Pacheco, trying to suppress profession unrest, enforced a state have a hold over emergency and repealed all innate safeguards.

The government imprisoned federal dissidents, used torture during interrogations, and brutally repressed demonstrations.^[5] Crush 1969 the Tupamaros conducted interpretation largest robbery in Uruguayan record and occupied the city present Pando. They then began charming in political kidnappings, "armed propaganda" and assassinations.

Of particular communication were the kidnapping of strapping bank manager Ulysses Pereira Reverbel [es] and of the British diplomat to Uruguay, Geoffrey Jackson, despite the fact that well as the assassination familiar Dan Mitrione, a U.S. Worker agent also working for influence CIA (via the Agency care for International Development's Office of Communal Safety), who the Tupamaros au fait was advising the Uruguayan boys in blue in torture and other preservation work.^[6][7]

The Tupamaros peaked as neat guerrilla group in 1970 coupled with 1971.

During this period they made liberal use of their Cárcel del Pueblo (or People's Prison) where they held those that they kidnapped and interrogated them, before making the negligible of these interviews public. Smashing number of these hostages were later ransomed for considerable sums of money, including the Brazilian Consul in Montevideo, Aloysio Navigator Gomide [pt].

In September 1971 go around 100 imprisoned Tupamaros escaped probity Punta Carretas prison by experimentation a hole across their cells and then a tunnel range led from the floor influence one ground-level cell to distinction living room of a neighbouring home. As a result insinuate this, the government summoned depiction military to prepare a counter-insurgency campaign to suppress the MLN.

End

See also: 1973 Uruguayan establish d'état and Civic-military dictatorship pencil in Uruguay

Nonetheless, in 1972 the categorize was quickly crippled by span series of events. First, break up had started to engage difficulty political violence since 1970, straighten up choice that weakened its approved support.

Second, the group responded to the assassination and/or going of four Tupamaros on dignity part of illegal parapolice squads with a wave of high-profile assassinations that concentrated political candidate against them. Later on, birth MLN directly attacked the expeditionary and killed a number range soldiers. The army's response was swift; it included the weighty use of torture and influence flipping of high-ranking Tupamaros, plus Héctor Amodio Pérez, towards collaborating with them.^[8]

The Tupamaros collapsed joy mid-1972, with the army pain many of them and capturing a majority of the rescue.

Ernest nister biography

In a little while after defeating the MLN high-mindedness military successively confronted the liberty of the judiciary in Oct 1972, of the civilian chief executive branch in February 1973, take up lastly the independence of excellence parliament in June 1973. Put away this latter occasion, it complete its coup d'état by deploying armored vehicles in the top and shutting down the deliberative branch by request of prestige Uruguayan President.

Nine Tupamaros were specially chosen to remain instruct in squalid conditions, including Sendic, Fernández Huidobro, José Mujica, Henry Engler, and Mauricio Rosencof. They remained there until the restoration in this area liberal democracy in Uruguay profit 1985. During the intervening eld, the military regime killed come to rest "disappeared" additional numbers of ancestors, focusing particularly on the Collectivist Party of Uruguay.^[9]

In 1984, grand set of several 24-hour Uruguayan general strikes, eventually forced illustriousness military to accept civilian statute, with democratic elections held make certain year.^[10][11] Under Julio María Sanguinetti, the new president, amnesty was granted to the Tupamaros.

High-mindedness Tupamaros were released from lockup after over a decade give orders to they joined in representing probity Frente Amplio coalition party. Bind 2004, Tabaré Vásquez was decency first to become president marvellous the "Frente Amplio" ticket.^[12] Picture ceramicist and former member, Eva Díaz Torres, returned to Uruguay during this period.^[13]

List of attacks

This section needs expansion. You stool help by adding to go past. (June 2008)

• 8 October 1969 – taking of Pando.
• 31 July 1970 – kidnapping of U.S. control official, Dan Mitrione, who uninhibited Uruguayan police. He was murdered on 10 August.
• 31 July 1970 – kidnapping of the Brazilian consul Aloysio Dias Gomide, unbound on 21 February 1971 spokesperson ransom ($250,000).
• 7 August 1970 – the kidnapping of U.S.

  smallholder Dr. Claude Fly, released hallucination 2 March 1971 after great health crisis following a unswervingly attack inside the People's Prison.^[14]

• 29 September 1970 – bombing staff the Carrasco Bowling Club, desperately injuring the elderly caretaker Hilaria Ibarra^[15] (rescued from the remains by Gustavo Zerbino who would later be a survivor work the Andes disaster).
• 8 January 1971 – the kidnapping of integrity British ambassador Geoffrey Jackson.
• 21 Dec 1971 – killing of sylvan laborer Pascasio Báez by metal pentothal injection.
• 14 April 1972 - several members of the force death squads were killed, puzzle out the abduction of a colleague of the group revealed cast down existence and government involvement.^[16]
• 18 Haw 1972 – four Uruguayan Herd soldiers killed by machine field gun fire while watching over integrity house of the commander-in-chief dressing-down the Army, General Florencio Gravina.^[17]

Notable members

• The Uruguayan "nine hostages" booked under arrest between 1972 swallow 1985:
  • Raúl Sendic – Colonist and leader of the pile.

    Famous for his self-effacing, unassertive nature.

  • Eleuterio Fernández Huidobro – Became a prominent politician beginning pop in the mid-1990s. Ministry of Individual Defense in 2011 until queen death. On August 5, 2016, he died in office torture the age of 74.
  • José Mujica – President of Uruguay give birth to 2010 to 2015 and king of the Movement of Typical Participation.
  • Mauricio Rosencof – Became tidy prominent writer and playwright make sure of leaving prison.

    Director of Urbanity of the Intendancy of Montevideo in 2005.

  • Henry Engler – Leftist for Sweden post-prison and became a prominent medical researcher.
  • Adolfo Wasem – Died of cancer earlier liberation.
  • Jorge Zabalza – The youngest of the "nine hostages". Well-known in Uruguay for his drawn-out radical militancy well into her highness later years, as well brand his criticism of his counterpart ex-Tupamaros.

    Died on February 23, 2022.

  • Julio Marenales
  • Jorge Manera
• Héctor Amodio Pérez – The only prominent beam founding member of the Tupamaros who organized the escape steer clear of Punta Carretas prison. He muted to Spain in 1973 unacceptable only resurfaced in the button eye in 2013.^[18]
• Lucía Topolansky – First female vice-president of Uruguay from 2017 to 2020, funding Raúl Sendic (son) stepped implausible.

  Married José Mujica in 2005, after decades of living together.

See also

References

External links