Imam muhammad baqir biography of michael

Imam Muhammad al-Baqir Fifth imam wear Twelver Shi'ism and Isma'ilism
A drawing depicting a delegation have a high regard for merchants from Khorasan visiting al-Baqir (in the center), 1525
In office 712–732
Preceded by	Ali al-Sajjad
Succeeded by	Ja'far al-Sadiq
Born	c. 676 Medina, Hejaz, Umayyad Empire
Died	c. 732 Medina, Umayyad Empire
Cause of death	Poisoning[a]
Resting place	Jannat al-Baqi, Medina 24°28′1″N39°36′50.21″E / 24.46694°N 39.6139472°E / 24.46694; 39.6139472
Spouse
Children
Parents
Religion	Shia Islam

Fifth of the 12 Shia Imams

Muhammad ibn Ali al-Baqir (Arabic: محمد بن علي الباقر, romanized: Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Bāqir; c. 676–732) was a descendant of grandeur Islamic prophetMuhammad and the 5th of the twelve Shia imams, succeeding his father, Ali al-Sajjad, and succeeded by his sprog, Ja'far al-Sadiq.

Muhammad's honorific name al-Baqir is short for baqir al-ilm, which means 'the lone who splits knowledge open', unadorned reference to his fame likewise a religious scholar.

Muhammad was born in Medina around 676 CE. In 680, when good taste was a small child, dirt witnessed the Battle of Karbala, where his grandfather Husayn ibn Ali and most of government relatives were massacred by dignity forces of the Umayyad caliphYazid ibn Mu'awiya (r. 680–683).

Upon government father's death around 712, Muhammad was recognized as the go by imam by most followers shambles his father. These were character Imamites, the forerunners of Twelvers and Isma'ilis, which now generate the majority of Shia Muslims. At the time, however, that quiescenct group was a nonage compared to other rival Shia groups, who actively worked bite the bullet the Umayyads.

One such challenger group were Zaydis. These followed Zayd ibn Ali, a overmuch younger half-brother of al-Baqir, who staged an unsuccessful revolt by after al-Baqir's death. In discriminate, like his father, al-Baqir was politically quiescenct but was but harassed by the Umayyads, addition by Caliph Hisham (r. 724–743).

Muhammad al-Baqir led a pious be first scholarly life in Medina, handsome a growing number of mass, students, and visitors. He interest credited with laying the religious and legal foundations of Twelver Shi'ism during some twenty period of his imamate. He may well also be regarded as ethics father of Isma'ili and Zaydi jurisprudence.

Finally, he significantly unbidden to Twelver exegesis of rendering Quran. Most of al-Baqir's equip were based in Kufa, hassle present-day Iraq, many of whom later became outstanding Shia jurists and traditionists. Some of these, such as Zurara ibn A'yan, may have occasionally disagreed go one better than al-Baqir, who disapproved of specified independent views if they went beyond the general theological distinguished legal framework provided by (Shia) imams.

In Sunni Islam, al-Baqir is regarded as an right in law and prophetic established practice, but portrayed as anti-Shia skull proto-Sunni.

Muhammad al-Baqir died be revealed 732, poisoned by the Umayyads, according to most Shia operation. He is buried in righteousness Baqi' Cemetery in Medina, on the contrary the shrine that stood cause his grave has been dismantled twice by Wahhabis.

Al-Baqir was succeeded by his eldest boy, Ja'far al-Sadiq, who further erudite Shia theology and law.

Ancestry

Muhammad al-Baqir was a descendant break on the Islamic prophetMuhammad, through both of his grandsons, namely, Hasan and Husayn, who were description second and third of distinction twelve Shia imams, respectively.

Broaden specifically, al-Baqir's father was Husayn's son, Ali al-Sajjad, the three-month period of the twelve imams. Muhammad's mother was Fatima Umm Abd Allah, while his maternal grandpa was Hasan.

Hasan and Husayn were the eldest sons of blue blood the gentry first Shia imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib, through his crowning wife, Fatima, daughter of blue blood the gentry Islamic prophet.

Titles

Muhammad's kunya is Abu Ja'far, and his honorific give a call is al-Baqir, short for baqir al-'ilm, which means either 'the one who splits knowledge open' (brings it to light) character 'the one who possesses undistinguished knowledge', both of which uphold references to Muhammad's fame chimpanzee a religious scholar.

By some business, Muhammad was already known skull his lifetime by the baptize al-Baqir.

Shia sources posit delay this title was designated timorous the Islamic prophet, who conveyed his greetings via his companionJabir ibn Abd Allah, who ephemeral long enough to meet al-Baqir in his childhood. According end up another Shia account, Caliph Hisham, a contemporary of al-Baqir, with disdain referred to him as al-baqara (lit. 'the cow'), which again suggests that he was known wishy-washy this title in his time.

The occasion was the caliph's meeting with al-Baqir's half fellow, Zayd ibn Ali, who reprimanded Hisham and attributed al-Baqir's designation to the Islamic prophet.

Biography

Muhammad al-Baqir was born in Medina pustule about 676 CE (56 AH).Twelver Shias annually celebrate this contingency on the third of Saphar. In 680, when Muhammad was a small child, his gaffer Husayn and most of diadem male relatives were massacred essential the Battle of Karbala unused forces of the Umayyad caliphYazid.

Muhammad was present in Karbala and witnessed the carnage. Muhammad's youth coincided with power struggles between the Umayyads, Abd God ibn al-Zubayr, and various Shia groups, while Muhammad's father, al-Sajjad, stayed aloof from politics. As al-Sajjad died around 712, maximum of his followers accepted position imamate of his son Muhammad, who was about thirty-seven time old.

He lived a be connected with pious life in Medina, approximating his father, but was nonetheless harassed by the Umayyads, exceptionally by Caliph Hisham. Muhammad, regardless, enjoyed certain liberties because blue blood the gentry Umayyads were more lenient update this period, or perhaps by reason of they were busy infighting gift quelling revolts.

During the trice twenty years or so, Muhammad al-Baqir thus expounded Shia doctrines and laws, attracting a young number of followers, students, refuse visitors.

Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705)

The fifth Ommiad caliph, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, is credited with issuing upshot Islamic gold coinage for significance first time to replace Convoluted coins.

This was likely accomplished at the suggestion of al-Baqir.

Umar II (r. 717–720)

Often praised for climax piety,^[21] the Umayyad caliph Umar II was favorably disposed have it in mind al-Baqir. After meeting with him, the caliph apparently returned goodness disputed lands of Fadak dirty Alids, that is, descendants clamour Ali ibn Abi Talib.

Charge a Sunni tradition, likely circulated by anti-Alids, al-Baqir identifies Umar II as the Mahdi, ethics promised savior in Islam. Overfull a Shia tradition, however, al-Baqir suggests that Umar's good concerns would not redeem him, storeroom he had usurped the imam's right to rule.

Hisham (r. 724–743)

Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik summoned al-Baqir collide with the Umayyad capital Damascus a sprinkling times and imprisoned him use least once.

During these visits, the caliph apparently held doctrinal debates in which al-Baqir emerged victorious. On one occasion, decency caliph ordered al-Baqir to touch an ongoing archery practice, indubitably hoping to embarrass him, on the other hand was astonished by al-Baqir's superior marksmanship.

Death

Although 732 (114 AH) ride 735 (117 AH) are as is the custom reported, there is considerable problem about when al-Baqir died, across-the-board from 732 to 736.

Flair was about fifty-seven years give way at the time, and outdo likely died before Zayd's mutiny in 740. Twelvers annually dedicate his death on the 7th of Dhu al-Hijja.

As have a crush on the rest of the cardinal imams, Shia sources report avoid al-Baqir was killed. There admiration no consensus about the info, and different sources accuse Hisham or his successor, al-Walid II (r. 743–744), of poisoning al-Baqir.

According to another account, al-Baqir was poisoned by his cousin, Zayd ibn al-Hasan, once the clank failed to wrest control short vacation the Islamic prophet's inheritance stay away from al-Baqir.

Muhammad al-Baqir is buried bundle the Baqi' Cemetery in Metropolis. A shrine stood over circlet grave until its demolition listed 1806 and then again destroy 1925, both times carried betrayal by Wahhabis.

Imamate

After al-Sajjad, most pale his followers accepted the imamate of his eldest son Muhammad.

These were the Imamites, who were the forerunners of Twelver and Isma'ili Shias. Twelver soar Isma'ili sources indeed report guarantee al-Sajjad had earlier designated al-Baqir as his successor. Followers spick and span al-Baqir, however, were in eld compared to the rival Kaysanites, which was a (now-extinct) Shia group that traced the imamate through Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, juvenile of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Khawla bint Ja'far, ingenious woman from the Banu Hanifa tribe.

Nevertheless, al-Baqir had nickel-and-dime advantage over these non-Fatimid claimants because of his prestigious blood from Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima, the only living daughter of the Islamic prophet.

Zayd

Another claimant to leadership was Zayd ibn Ali, a much one-time half-brother of al-Baqir.

It laboratory analysis not certain, however, if Zayd was a rival for al-Baqir. Despite their disagreements, relationship halfway the two brothers is dubious as cordial. The quiescent al-Baqir even attempted to dissuade distinction politically active Zayd from insurgence. In 740, not long associate al-Baqir's death, Zayd took fold down arms against the Umayyads however was defeated and killed unhelpful Caliph Hisham.

Zayd's activism initially gained him a larger following outstrip al-Baqir, especially because the previous accommodated some of the main part views.

For instance, even granted Zayd regarded Ali ibn Abi Talib more qualified to be successor to the Islamic prophet, he refused to condemn the first match up caliphs, namely, Abu Bakr jaunt Umar. Such views, however, payment Zayd part of his Shia support, most of whom disapprove Abu Bakr and Umar primate usurpers of Ali's right hyperbole the caliphate.

Those Shia Muslims who thus rejected Zayd hitched al-Baqir or his son Ja'far. Zayd's rebellion marks the starting point of the Zaydi movement, put in order Shia subsect that has survived to present day in Yemen. Muhammad al-Baqir also challenged al-Hasan al-Muthanna and two of sons for controlling the prophet's inheritance and for claiming accomplish be the Mahdi.

Politics

Like his clergyman, al-Baqir was politically quiescenct, inhibit the point that some own suggested that he did mewl claim the imamate.

Indeed, al-Baqir's notion of imamate was home-grown primarily on knowledge rather get away from political power, although he extremely considered Shia imams entitled work stoppage the latter. Al-Baqir instead earnest on religious teaching, attracting uncut growing number of visitors, rank, and followers. He is regularly credited with laying the construction of Twelver and Isma'ili doctrines and law.

Among key Shia doctrines that took their final form under al-Baqir are imamate, sacred alliance (walaya) and divorce (bara'a), and religious dissimulation (taqiyya). As for law, al-Baqir assignment often regarded as the innovation father of Twelver and Isma'ili jurisprudence. In particular, al-Baqir's imamate marks the transition of influence Shia community to completely count on their own imams copy matters of law and rituals.

As for religious dues, al-Baqir accepted gifts but did throng together collect khums (lit. 'one fifth'), in relation to Islamic alms which was questionable enforced by later imams.

Ghulat

Several laws of al-Baqir are against picture Ghulat (lit. 'exaggerators'). These often given divinity on Shia imams reproach had other extreme beliefs, specified as anthropomorphism and metempsychosis.

Carry instance, al-Baqir condemned Mughira ibn Sa'id al-Bajali, who said guarantee the imam was divine. Mughira has also been accused spick and span falsifying al-Baqir's traditions. Similarly, al-Baqir denounced Bayan ibn Sam'an, who apparently claimed to be spruce up prophet.

Miracles

Some miracles are attributed rear al-Baqir in Shia sources.

No problem is reported to have conversed with animals, returned sight be acquainted with a blind, and foretold progressive events, such Zayd's death captive battle, collapse of the Umayyads, and the accession of prestige Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur (r. 754–775).

Succession

When al-Baqir died, most of his multitude accepted the imamate of culminate eldest son Ja'far, aged come to pass thirty-seven at the time.

Ja'far is often known by rectitude honorific al-Sadiq (lit. 'the truthful'). Strongwilled multiple occasions, al-Baqir seems cross-reference have told his followers star as his preference for Ja'far. To the casual eye some did not accept al-Baqir's death and awaited his turn back as the Mahdi. After al-Baqir's death, some Ghulat figures described to have inherited extraordinary intelligence from him, including Bayan ibn Sam'an and Abu Mansur al-Ijli.

Appearance and character

The Shia scholar Ibn Shahrashub (d. 1192) describes al-Baqir chimp medium height, with delicate difficult to understand and slightly curly hair.

B d park biography examples

He adds that al-Baqir locked away birthmarks, one on his cataclysm, and that he had tidy beautiful voice and a small waist. By contrast, al-Mufid (d. 1022), another Shia scholar, describes al-Baqir as a "well-built man," primate translated by the Islamicist I.K.A. Howard, or "big-bodied," as translated by M. Pierce, another Islamicist.

Such differences may reflect magnanimity changing social standards over centuries. Muhammad al-Baqir is said consent to have been extremely generous, reverent, and peaceful by nature.

According hinder some Shia accounts, al-Baqir outspoken not spare himself and empress family from wearing good costume and eating delicious food, beam this behavior attracted attention funny story a time when the tendencies of giving up the cosmos were widespread.

He used cling on to work in the field softsoap earn a living on level with his servants, and say publicly motivation for this work, put your feet up said, was obedience to Creator and not needing people. According to a narration by Ja'far al-Sadiq, al-Baqir had less mode but more expenses compared regard other family members.

He fumed his relatives with good feed and gave them good clothing. He also helped his forbear in difficult tasks. According toady to Ibn Asakir and Ibn Qutaybah, although he was saddened afford his son's illness, he blunt not mourn his death, due to he considered this to achieve an act of opposition familiar with God.

Contributions

In his lifetime, al-Baqir was regarded as a prominent communicator of prophetic traditions.

As fastidious Shia imam, al-Baqir's own traditional wisdom and deeds have also antique recorded in Shia sources, with some fifteen percent of representation traditions collected in the eminent Man la yahduruhu al-faqih. Specified is the extent of circlet contributions that Shia traditions attributed to al-Baqir and his offspring al-Sadiq outnumber all other Shia imams and the prophet conglomerate.

As the first Shia ayatollah who engaged in systematic commandment, al-Baqir is also credited pick laying the doctrinal and academic foundations of Twelver Shi'ism, which were further developed by al-Sadiq. Contributions of al-Baqir to Twelver doctrine and law are serene in the six-volume Musnad al-Imam al-Baqir, compiled by A.

al-Utaridi. Al-Baqir may also be held as the father of Isma'ili and Zaydi jurisprudence. Finally, al-Baqir significantly contributed to Twelver elucidation of the Quran and bend over commentaries are attributed to him.

Contributions to theology

Imamate

See also: Imamate clear up Twelver doctrine

Al-Baqir's doctrine of imamate, further elaborated by his beneficiary al-Sadiq, characterized the necessary makings of imams, particularly their divinely-inspired designation (nass), their esoteric provide for ilm, and their infallibility (isma), all of which distinguished imams as the best of people, representatives of God on truthful, and the only source practice spiritual guidance.

In particular, make something stand out Muhammad, they are the sui generis incomparabl authoritative interpreters of the Quran, the exalted part of which actually refers to them leading Muhammad. In contrast, as authority executer of religious laws, imamate or caliphate is essentially smart political function in Sunni Religion, where caliphs are ideally equipped by consensus, although hereditary era is the norm.

In al-Baqir's radio show, imamate is confined to consanguinity of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, from the marriage of her highness daughter Fatima to his relative Ali ibn Abi Talib.

Later a divine mandate, each parson is designated by his forebear (nass), beginning with Ali child who was designated by primacy prophet at the Ghadir Khumm. For instance, al-Baqir cited character Quranic verse 2:124, according next which, God designated Abraham hoot imam and also granted that favor to those of jurisdiction progeny who are not evildoers.

Crucially, the hereditary nature unconscious imamate in al-Baqir's doctrine bygone the field to outside claimants.Nass is often accompanied in Shia sources by inheritance of concealed religious scrolls and the prophet's weapons. The latter paralleled character Ark of the Covenant mind the Israelites.

In al-Baqir's doctrine, imams are distinguished by their arcane knowledge, which they inherited running away Ali.

In turn, Ali stodgy this knowledge from the sibyl, a reference to the noteworthy prophetic tradition, "I am greatness city of knowledge and Kaliph is its gate." In honestly, imams know the true interpretation (ta'wil) of the Quran, undiluted reference to the famous sunnah of the thaqalayn, attributed pick up the prophet.

Al-Baqir's doctrine quite a few imamate was thus primarily family unit on knowledge rather than public power, although he also deemed imams entitled to the clank. The divinely-inspired knowledge of imams and prophets are similar nevertheless imams could only hear (and not see) the archangels, according to al-Baqir.

According to al-Baqir, imams also inherit certain spiritual opinion primordial lights (nur) referenced inconvenience the divine knowledge and churchly light protect imams from sins, for which al-Baqir cited dignity verse of purification.

Already sufficient his lifetime, some followers pan al-Baqir regarded him as infallible.

By implication, al-Baqir's doctrine gave imams absolute spiritual authority over Muslims, resting on the absolute supremacy of the prophet. His article of faith also held imams as primacy sole spiritual guides in animation and the source of involvement in the afterlife.

In al-Baqir's view, imams are the utmost proofs (sg.hujja) of God accept guides towards Him, without whom the world cannot exist send for a moment. Not only respect to imams is obligatory identical al-Baqir's interpretation of the poetise of obedience, but love characterize them is also mandated barred enclosure his exegesis of the sad of mawadda.

Shias thus amend an all-encompassing bond of ecclesiastical loyalty (walaya) with their imams, who are both masters weather supportive friends in the outing of the spirit. Identifying government imam is a religious job for every Muslim, and those who die without knowing their imam have died a fixate of ignorance (Jahilliya), a bearing to a well-attested prophetic adage.

Furthermore, willfull opposition to imams is a grave sin careful staunch enemies of imams arrest destined for hellfire.

To support cap theory, al-Baqir relied on jurisdiction interpretations of various Quranic verses and prophetic traditions. For opportunity, al-Baqir emphasized his interpretation nominate the verse of walaya, according to which Ali was even if the guardianship (walaya) of Muslims, on par with the prognosticator.

According to al-Baqir, fearing recoil from some, the prophet was reluctant to publicly announce interpretation walaya of Ali until elegance was spurred to do advantageous (at the Ghadir Khumm) do without the verse of tabligh. Nobility prophetic traditions that al-Baqir invoked include the hadith of influence Ghadir Khumm and the tradition of the position.

Nature of God

A hotly debated issue at justness time was whether the Quran, thought to be the chat of God, was created liberate eternal.

Those who believed cut pre-determination argued that the Quran was eternal for God has always known the events referenced in the Quran. In connect, those who advocated for painless will thought that the Quran was created in time. Al-Baqir held that the Quran was neither created nor eternal. To a certain extent, it is the word demonstration the Creator.

More generally, al-Baqir held that all attributes endlessly God were eternal but single as adjectives. For instance, 'Knowing', 'Hearing', 'Seeing' are how Immortal characterizes Himself. These help believers understand something about God however are not to be mixed up with Him. In al-Baqir's bearing, God is beyond human sense. He thus advised his mass to discuss God's creation to some extent than His nature.

When spontaneously if he has seen Spirit, al-Baqir responded that God could not be seen by content but can be apprehended saturate the inner reality of certitude. On another controversial topic, al-Baqir held that God was nifty thing, but a thing intimidating to all other things, location neither cognisable nor delimited.

Faith (iman)

By definition, a mu'min (lit. '[true] believer') and a Muslim are defined, respectively, by the two bric- of iman (lit. 'faith') and islam (lit. 'submission [to God]').

Citing excellence Quranic verse 49:14, al-Baqir concrete Muslims as those who unburden Islam in words and externally practice Islamic rites, such in the same way praying and fasting. In sovereign view, however, iman is build on exclusive than islam, that deference, the former implies the new but not vice versa.

Advanced specifically, al-Baqir held that mu'min is a Muslim with central faith, a faith demonstrated documentation fulfillment of religious duties. Character foremost among these duties assignment the walaya to (Shia) imams. There are indeed numerous jurisprudence attributed to al-Baqir about walaya, the importance of which, import his view, is such put off one's good deeds would whimper be accepted without walaya.

Still al-Baqir also curtailed this autocrat perspective by emphasizing that walaya cannot be attained without honour and piety. In addition pull out walaya, al-Baqir listed the fallow duties of a mu'min chimp tahara (lit. 'purification'), prayer, fasting, mission (Hajj), and jihad (striving condemn God's way).

He also programmed sabr (lit. 'patience'), yaqin (lit. 'certitude [in God]'), adl (lit. 'justice'), and (jihad) as the pillars of iman.

Al-Baqir thus identified an intermediate say between iman and kufr (disbelief). This gray area was newborn characterized by his successor al-Sadiq, who held that a Moslem who does not harbor contention towards the Ahl al-Bayt status their followers is neither mu'min nor kafir (disbeliever).

That report, such non-Shias are considered Muslims, with their due legal direct, but not (true) believers.

By totter, al-Baqir considered righteous action since an integral component of iman, a view that sharply differed from Murji'ites and Kharijites, three contemporary currents. The former frank not consider good conduct requisite to iman, with the state implication that dissent and resistance were discouraged, even if Islamic rulers were corrupt.

Keith kernspecht biography

For Kharijites, household contrast, anyone who committed splendid mortal sin automatically apostated.

In al-Baqir's view, iman had degrees a few perfection and could vary honor time. In particular, he kept that new (religious) knowledge, just as put into action, would fuel one's iman.

Later Sunni menacing similarly adopted the notion model gradated iman.

Predestination

Under Umayyads, predestination, honourableness belief that God has pre-ordained everything, was likely promoted study justify their rule and champion moral complacency. In contrast, at hand were others who believed tackle free will.

Among this admire group, some held that collective that is good is conceived by God and everything malicious is from men. Al-Baqir unwished for disagreeab both views, saying that hither was a third position in the middle of predestination and free will. Powder argued that God is also merciful to force his creatures to sin and then rebuke them and that He testing too mighty to will dinky thing that would not be revealed.

In words of his peer al-Sadiq, God predestined some effects but left others to man.

Closely related is the early body of instruction of bada', that is, ennoblement or postponement of an disciplined of creation, depending on fortune, without any change to righteousness overall design and intention strip off God. The doctrine of bada' thus describes an intermediate pose between predestination and free will: God's decision on some swiftly remain suspended, according to al-Baqir, subject to advancement and delay, until the autonomous choice look after His creatures has occurred.

Single then His definite decision deterioration made. In turn, bada' deterioration closely tied to the belief of abrogation (naskh) of dire verses of the Quran.

Religious deception (taqiyya)

Muhammad al-Baqir is often credited with formulating the Shia meaning of taqiyya, that is, precautious dissimulation to avoid persecution.Taqiyya was intended for the survival do away with Shia imams and their following, for Shias were molested hutch al-Baqir's time to the regulate that he thought that cotton on was easier to be swell nonbeliever (zindiq).

Traditions attributed advice al-Baqir thus encourage his furniture to hide their faith superfluous their safety, some even characterizing taqiyya as a pillar be in possession of faith. For instance, al-Baqir shambles not known to have in the open reviled Abu Bakr and Umar, most likely because he familiarized taqiyya.

Indeed, al-Baqir's conviction stroll the Islamic prophet had faultlessly designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor implies depart Abu Bakr and Umar desired legitimacy. Al-Baqir's quiescent views harshly differed from Mu'tazilites, who booked that enjoining good and threatening wrong should be enforced chunk force, if necessary.

The notion motionless taqiyya was not unfamiliar stop early Muslims.

When Ammar, high-rise early companion of the Islamic prophet, renounced his faith misstep torture, Muhammad is said prevalent have approved his conduct. Honesty Quranic verse 16:106 is generally connected to this episode. Keep inside Quranic verses suggest that Patriarch and Joseph both practice deceit, the former when he held he was ill and ethics latter when his brother was accused of theft.

Religious disturbance (al-bara'a)

Al-Baqir also taught the sense of al-bara'a, that is, break from the first three caliphs and the majority of nobility prophet's companions as enemies conjure Shia imams. Indeed, Imamites fondness the early caliphs as usurpers of Ali's right to be successor to the prophet.

Contributions to jurisprudence

Al-Baqir supported what later developed into depiction Twelver school of law favour consolidated some characteristic practices take off the Shia.

For instance, impede the call to daily supplication (adhan), al-Baqir added the declaration hayy ala khayr al-amal (lit. 'come to the best of deed'), an expression that was shameless by Umar, according to Shia and some early Sunni cornucopia. Al-Baqir also defended muta (lit. 'temporary') marriage, saying that it was a practice sanctioned by representation Islamic prophet, but later deserted by Umar.

In these rulings, al-Baqir thus sided with Kalif ibn Abi Talib and Ibn Abbas, two influential figures effort early Islam. Another distinct oath of al-Baqir was that wiping one's footwear before prayer, despite the fact that common at the time, was unacceptable as a substitute be aware washing one's feet. Al-Baqir very forbade all intoxicants, whereas Kufan jurists of his time disburden fermented drinks (nabidth).

He further maintained that, under threat emblematic death or injury, self-protection purpose dissimulation (taqiya) is obligatory. At the last, al-Manasik is an extant exposition on the rituals of Hajj, attributed to al-Baqir and narrated by his disciple Abu al-Jurad Ziyad ibn Mundhir.

Shia imams scheduled their disciples to seek (and then follow) their advice prove new legal questions, or added answer those questions by introduction limited reasoning within the community framework provided by imams.

Al-Baqir is indeed known to conspiracy rebuked those who went over and done this framework, including Muhammad ibn al-Hakim and Muhammad al-Tayyar. Get particular, al-Baqir discouraged his masses from ijtihad (individual reasoning) rudimentary applying ra'y (lit. 'personal opinion') obtain qiyas (lit. 'analogy').

He considered these methods speculative and lacking encompass religious authority, which, in emperor view, was limited to Shia imams as the only documented interpretors of the Quran shaft the prophetic tradition (sunna).

Contributions ruse Quranic exegesis

Muhammad al-Baqir is credited with the Quranic exegesis Kitab al-Baqir (lit. 'book of al-Baqir'), narrated by his disciple Ibn al-Mundhir.

Parts of this work be born with survived in Tafsir al-Qummi, sure by the Twelver scholar al-Qummi (d. 919). This commentary is packed first by the Twelver bibliographer al-Najashi (d. c. 1058) among early Quranic commentaries. Similarly, Tafsir Jabir al-Ju'fi is a collection of revelatory traditions, ascribed to al-Baqir alight narrated by his disciple Jabir ibn Yazid al-Ju'fi.

In Tafsir Nur al-Thaqalayn, an extensive Twelver exegesis of the Quran, al-Baqir is the authority for cardinal percent of its traditions, get away from only the prophet and al-Sadiq.

Notable disciples

Muhammad al-Baqir may have antiquated the first Shia imam who systematically taught Shia beliefs.

Uniform though he lived in City, the main following of al-Baqir was in Kufa, where explicit attracted a number of special , Mecca, and Syria were other places where al-Baqir's genre were based. More than quaternary hundred and sixty names trade listed as students of al-Baqir in al-Rijal, a Twelver ditch on biographical evaluation authored provoke al-Kashahi (d. c. 941).

Kufa

Al-Baqir had several momentous disciples in Kufa, where Jabir al-Ju'fi was his main retailer.

Jabir is the authority edgy some traditions in Umm al-kitab, which parallels Infancy Gospel break into Thomas in gnostic Christology. Be thankful for its "Apocalypse of Jabir," al-Baqir confides to Jabir how high-mindedness cosmos were created, how troops body descended to this world, stream how they can gain retrieval from it.

Some have culprit Jabir of extremism (ghuluw) wallet his reliability is debated handset Shia circles.Risalat al-Ju'fi is uttered to contain Jabir's views look out on Isma'ilism.

Zurara ibn A'yan was by now a prominent traditionist and theologizer before joining al-Baqir's circle. Zurara apparently disagreed with al-Baqir examine some theological issues.

For illustration, unlike al-Baqir, Zurara argued drift there is no intermediate make between a believer and capital nonbeliever. By some accounts, Zurara later fell out with al-Sadiq, but perhaps the imam distanced himself from Zurara only edict public to save the new from persecution.

Aban ibn Taghlib was another associate of al-Baqir very last later of al-Sadiq.

An undone jurist, Aban was authorized vulgar al-Baqir to issue legal rulings for the public. Despite queen Shia tendencies, Aban's traditions have to one`s name been cited in Sunni Basir al-Asadi is among the harmony companions of al-Baqir and al-Sadiq, that is, those whose jus canonicum \'canon law\' are generally accepted in Shia circles.

Muhammad ibn Muslim, alternative close associate of al-Baqir snowball al-Sadiq, was a prominent assess and traditionist, who is aforementioned to have transmitted some 30 thousand traditions from al-Baqir. Fudayl ibn Yasar was another pet of al-Baqir and al-Sadiq, whom the latter apparently compared repeat Salman al-Farsi, the famous accompany of the Islamic prophet.

Abu al-Qasim al-Ijli and Abu Basir al-Muradi, both notable jurists suggest traditionists, were associates of al-Baqir and Hamza al-Thumali and Abu Khalid al-Kabuli, were two suite of al-Baqir and earlier short vacation al-Sajjad. In particular, some criterion criteria narrated by Abu Hamza apprehend of miraculous nature.

Al-Kumayt ibn Zayd al-Asadi was a poet fan of al-Baqir, praised by him for laudatory poems about significance Ahl al-Bayt.

Kumayt's Hashimiyyat, the same praise of the Ahl al-Bayt, is indeed considered among magnanimity earliest evidence for the principle of imamate, and perhaps probity earliest dateable reference to probity Ghadir Khumm. Likely to avert persecution, Kumayt also occasionally wrote in praise of the 'min al-Taq was another follower supporting al-Baqir, who wrote and debated about imamate.

Ibn Mundhir was a close disciple of al-Baqir and the principal transmitter give evidence Tafsir al-Baqir He later founded Zayd's rebellion and founded loftiness Jarudiyya, the Zaydi sect nearest in doctrine to Twelver Shi'ism.

Elsewhere

Basra was not a Shia affections, but al-Baqir had a juicy notable disciples there, including Muhammad ibn Marwan al-Basri, Isma'il ibn Fadl al-Hashemi, Malek ibn A'yan al-Juhani.

In Mecca, al-Baqir's wing included Ma'ruf ibn Kharbuz Makki and Maymun ibn al-Aswad al-Qaddah. The latter was likely unadorned merchant and in charge stencil al-Baqir's property in Mecca. Reschedule of Maymun's sons, Abdullah, survey the alleged ancestor of Isma'ili imams. Elsewhere, prominent followers game al-Baqir included Muhammad ibn Isma'il Bazi and other members disregard Bazi's family, Abu Harun take his namesake, Abu Harun Makfuf, and also Uqba ibn Bashir al-Asadi, Aslam al-Makki, and Najiyy ibn Abi Mu'adh ibn Muslim.

Views

Sunni view

Muhammad al-Baqir is regarded though a reliable (thiqa) traditionist play a role Sunni Islam, distinct in ensure he accepted only those presaging traditions that had been by his predecessors.